Web Addresses- U.S. Quarantine Treatments

1. Web Addresses-U.S. Quarantine Treatments • Aphis treatment Manual search: https://manuals.cphst.org/TIndex/treatmentSearch.cfm (this is a search page-by treatments or commodity or pest) http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/port/Treatment_Chapters.htm (go to T100 fresh fruits and vegetables) http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/online_manuals.html (list of manuals)

2. Integration of the Sterile Insect Technique with other Control Methods Robert L. Mangan Crop Quality and Fruit Insect Research USDA-ARS Weslaco Texas Rmangan@weslaco.ars.usda.gov

3. Selectivity of Methods of Insect Control E. F. Knipling 1979 The Basic Principles of Insect Suppression and Management.

5. Needs for Supplementary Treatments with SIT • Reduce the total pest population • To reduce damage caused by pest during eradication • To achieve needed over-flooding ratio • To give direct protection from pest activity • As perimeter treatment for area eradication • As means for getting information such as collection of samples, access to property, inspection

6. Screwworm Eradication Supplementary programs to directly protect livestock when populations are high Mass trapping Wound treatment

7. Population Reduction in TexasLaake, Parish, Knipling, Thurman and Perry • Primary screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) and and secondary screwworm (C. macellaria) thought to be one species. • Goal: to reduce infestation losses by reducing adult population

8. Effect of Mass Trapping Blowflies – Menard Co. Texas 1929-31 * 45.89% reduction 49.89% when corrected for lambs

9. Aerial Distribution of SWASS Tests in Mexico

10. Development of Wound Treatments • Wound treatments historically were the main control of screwworms. • Treatments in early 1900s included oils, camphor, fufural, tannic acid, oil of citronella, chloropicrin, tars and manure. • By 1920 chloroform was the leading compound • Research by Dove (1935), Bushland (1940) and Knipling (1939) resulted in combined Benzol, diphehylamine, lamp black and oil. • Reared larvae for this research were the basis for separating the primary and secondary screwworm species.

11. Importance of Wound Treatment Insecticide • Provide free wound treatment kits to ranchers • Ranchers provide samples to inspectors in exchange for kits • Use of millions of kits reduced population and provided targeting information to program

12. Pink Bollworm Sterile Insect Release Program • Program originated to stop spread of pink bollworm into California • Long distance migration by adults was major means of spread • Pink bollworm was controlled by area-wide organized pesticide and cultural control • Stalk shredding • Gin trash treatment • Area-wide pesticide treatment. • Coordinated detection systems

13. Pheromone for Detection and Control • Gossyplure- first registered use of pheromone for insect control • Use in detection and targeting for SIT • Primary means of population control is by mating disruption

14. Resistant and Transgenic Cotton • Resistance to oviposition; Gossypium thurberi, hybrids • Other traits: early maturation, nectariless, okra leaf, high gossypol. • Transgenic BT cotton-reported 95-99% reduction in damage • BT resistance management programs require untreated plots • Proposal for increased eradication possibilities.

15. Tsetse and Trypanosome Control Historical Control Methods: ground application of insecticides aerial application of insecticides wild animal elimination bush clearing bait technology including traps, targets, pour-ons and repellents, biological control insect growth regulators ivermectin given to host animals.

16. Current Tsetse Control Techniques • Aerial spraying of insecticides and use of ultra-low volume formulations • Selective ground spraying and use of residual insecticides that are re-applied each dry season to prevent re-invasion at the limits of a species distribution. • Traps and baits to “catch-out” populations or in monitoring populations. • Traps and targets including living targets with pour-on formulations. Pesticides- Pyrethroids, IGR’s • Traps treated with pyriproxifen to sterilize flies that pass through the traps

17. Current Tsetse Control Techniques • Traps and baits to “catch-out” populations or in monitoring populations.

18. “Genetic” Mosquito Control • Cytoplasmic incompatibility, translocation sterility, and sterile insect releases tested in 1960’s to late 1970’s • Most effort in studying rearing, male only rearing, mating compatibility methods of inducing sterility. • Many projects were designed for control of species showing pesticide resistance.

19. Effects of Mosquito Programs on Yellow Fever and Malaria *begin Aedes control **begin Anopheles control

20. Insecticide Resistance in SIT-Tested Mosquitoes From Georghiou and Whalen

21. Insecticide Treated Bednets

22. Use of Bednets and SpraysMuheza Tanga, Tanzania

23. Use of Pyrethroid Treated Bednets and Sprays

24. Conclusions-Use of Bednets and Mosquito SIT • Recent comparisons of pyrethroid treated bednets and house spraying showed nets at least as effective as sprays. • Older spray results (1950s-60s) were more effective than recent sprays. • Use of bednets requires more program management and public relations than sprays. • Pyrethroids may not be the best insecticides for the program. • No evidence that pyrethroid treated bednets induce insecticide resistance.

25. Integration:Fruit Fly Population Control Methods with Sterile Insect Technique

26. Early Control ProceduresBefore SIT • Habitat modification- removal of hedges, alternate hosts • Orchard Sanitation- removal of fallen fruit • Biological Control- predation by turkeys and chickens • Pesticide Application- Bait of lead arsenate, peloncillo, water

27. Biological Problems with fruit fly eradication • longevity of the adults • detecting infested commodities • complex mating behavior • repeat mating by females

28. Problems with Area-Wide Pesticide Application • Knowledge of pest biology is required to be effective, knowledge of all hosts, population structure • Safety for application in human occupied areas • Environmental contamination • Non-target organisms • “No pesticide” political & organic requirements

29. PesticidesArea Wide Application • As primary means of pest control • As part of area-wide IPM system • Integrated as part of eradication program

30. Human Safety Applicators Workers Accidents

32. Toxicity of Compounds for Fruit Fly Control Compound Projected gm Human AI Dermal AI/Hectare Index mg/m2 Malathion 190.0 4.63 Red Dye 28 16.64 0.0041 Erythrosin B 14.92 0.0038 Eosin Y 0.312 0.000079 Methyl Eosin 0.0004 0.000000001 Imidacloprid 1.53 0.031 Spinosad 0.063 0.00128 Abamectin 0.068 0.00342 Emamectin 0.047 0.0024 Fipronil 1.54 0.0577 Chlorfenapyr 3.84 0.192 Thiomethoxam 1.772 0.0886 Borax 4,896 97.92

34. Summary-Fruit Fly Population Reduction for Area-Wide Control Programs • Precision and Safety can be enhanced by use of edible rather than contact insecticides • Bait formulation for attraction, feeding, persistence, plant compatibility, specificity, and cost are essential problems • Many insecticides are available that are at least 1000X less toxic to vertebrates in baits than standard organophosphate formulations

35. SummarySIT and Other Control Methods • Use of supplemental control methods are based on both historical control techniques and new methods. • Area wide application of control methods have public acceptance problems when treated people derive no benefit from treatment. • Purpose of supplementary control varies among projects. Common roles are; direct protection from pest damage, reduction of pest population for SIT over flooding, prevention of incursion into treated area, and improved public cooperation