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Categorical ProposItions

Categorical ProposItions. What is proposition? Meaning of Sentence. e.g. Ram died yesterday. Ram passed away yesterday. Ram had gone to heaven yesterday. Ram expired yesterday. Ram left the world yesterday. Ram had gone forever yesterday.

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Categorical ProposItions

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  1. Categorical ProposItions What is proposition? Meaning of Sentence. e.g. Ram died yesterday. Ram passed away yesterday. Ram had gone to heaven yesterday. Ram expired yesterday. Ram left the world yesterday. Ram had gone forever yesterday.

  2. Here we have at least 6 to 7 different sentences but having one and same meaning. This meaning is called proposition. In other words, the meaning proposed by each of a sentence is called proposition in logic.

  3. Classes and Categorical Proposition • Class means a collection of all objects that have some specified characteristic in common. • Two classes can be related in three ways: • All of one class can be included in all of another class. • Some, but not all can be included in another class. • Two classes may have no members in common.

  4. Definition:A proposition that can be analysed as being about classes, or categories affirming or denying that one class, S is included in some other class, P, in whole or in part.

  5. e.g. 1. the class of all dogs included wholly in the class of all mammals.2. The class of teachers included partially in the class of females.3. The class of all dogs are wholly excluded from the class of all cats.

  6. Standard Form Categorical proposition • There are 4 categorical propositions. • a. Universal affirmative= symbolized as A • b. Universal negative=E • c. Particular Affirmative=I • d. Particular Negative=O

  7. Schematic representation • A Proposition: All S is P • S represents subject and P represents Predicate. • Here the class S is wholly included or contained in P class.

  8. Universal Negative proposition E proposition: No politicians are liars. Schematically can be written as No S is P Here the class politician is wholly excluded in the class liar.

  9. Particular Affirmative proposition • It is called the I proposition • E.g. Some politicians are liars. Here the class politician is partially included in the class liar. Schematically, it can be written as Some S is P

  10. Particular Negative proposition • It is called the O proposition e.g. Some politicians are not liars. Here the class politician is partially excluded in the class liar. Schematically, it can be written as Some S is not P

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