Salvete , discipuli ! Chapters XXIII & XXIV: Participial Uses I

1. Salvete, discipuli! Chapters XXIII & XXIV: Participial Uses I

2. Verbal Aspects Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle Active Passive Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect 1st 2nd 3rd Singular Plural

3. How many Participles are there? • Now that we have learned to recognize and form participles in Latin, let’s begin to look at the basic syntactic uses of the participle: • In Latin, there are FOUR participial functions in a sentence….

4. Participial Functions • Attributive • Circumstantial • Absolute • Periphrastic

5. Participial Functions • Attributive • Circumstantial • Absolute • Periphrastic

6. Attributive Participles • Attributive Participles are the basic participles we have already learned. • Attributive Participles serve only to modify a noun/pronoun and take NO objects or phrases. • Hominem currentem video. • I see the man running. • Certī fructūs pacis ab territō vulgō cupiebantur. • Certain profits of peace were desired by the terrified crowd.

7. Participial Functions • Attributive • Circumstantial • Absolute • Periphrastic

8. Circumstantial Participles • Circumstantial Participles are identical to Attributive Participles except that they DO take objects and phrases. • As a result, Circumstantial Participles control multiple words in a Latin sentence and are best translated by bracketing off the words controlled by the participle as separate from the main clause of the sentence. • Sometimes commas will set off the participial phrase.

9. Circumstantial Participles • Examples: • Servitute liberatus, vir vitam laetam aget. • Freed from slavery, the man lived a happy life. • Hīs insidiīs territī, vitam miseram vivēmus. • Terrified by these plots, we will live a miserable life. • Nemo fidem neglegens timore umquam carēbit. • No one neglecting loyalty will ever be without fear.

10. Practice • Illīvirīmiserī, ā tyrannōvisī, ā patriāfugerunt. • Poēta, regemtimens, bona semper dicēbat. • Hīvincentēsiuraciviumvictōrumnōntimēnt. • Ipse, ā seneclarōmonitus, pecuniācarentibusmultāsrēsdabat.

11. Participial Functions • Attributive • Circumstantial • Absolute • Periphrastic

12. Finite Participles • Finite Participles are simply participles that attached to a form of “sum, esse” to form a finite verb (no ‘–ing’). • The only Participles that can be used in this manner are Perfect and Future Participles. • We have already encountered one type of the Finite Participle in the Perfect Passive System.

13. Perfect Passive System • Examples: • Igne visō, omnēs virī et feminae territī sunt. • After the fire had been seen, all the men and women were terrified. • Quō die ex igne et ferrō atque morte certā liberātus es? • On which day were you freed from fire and the sword and certain death? • Cur istī veritatem timebant, quā multī usī erant? • Why were those guys fearing the truth that many had enjoyed?

14. Periphrastic Participles • Periphrastic Participles are like Finite Participles because they follow the same pattern: participle + form of “sum, esse”. • However, Periphrastics are different because they only refer to Future Participles used in such a way. • Therefore, there are no Perfect or Present Participles with Periphrastic constructions.

15. Periphrastic Participles • Periphrastics are thus defined as Future Participles with a form of “sum, esse”. • Since there are two types of Future Participles (Active and Passive), there are also two types of Periphrastics: Active and Passive.

16. The Active Periphrastic • When one combines a Future Active Participle with the verb “sum, esse”, one creates the Active Periphrastic. • To translate the Active Periphrastic into English, simply add the verb “to be” to the normal “fixin’ to ______”

17. The Active Periphrastic • To translate the Active Periphrastic into English, simply add the verb “to be” to the normal “fixin’ to ______” • Fortis imperator militēs hostēs victurus est. • The brave general is fixin’ to conquer the enemy soldiers. • Poeta fabulam narraturus erat, sed civēs non audīre cupiverunt. • The poet was fixin’ to tell a story, but the citizens didn’t want to listen.

18. The Passive Periphrastic • Like the Active Periphrastic, the Passive Periphrastic is a formed thus: • Future Passive Participle/Gerundive + form of “sum, esse” • It is translated in the exact same fashion as the Participle: “ought to be ______ed”

19. The Passive Periphrastic • It is translated in the exact same fashion as the Participle: “ought to be ______ed” or some other phrase of obligation (should, has to, must). • Haec femina amanda est. • This woman ought to be loved. • Hic liber cum curā legendus erit. • This book will have to be read with care.

20. The Passive Periphrastic • It is translated in the exact same fashion as the Participle: “ought to be ______ed” or some other phrase of obligation (should, has to, must). • Omnia igitur iura magnā curā scribenda sunt. • Therefore, all laws ought to be written with great care. • Si res publica nostra valet, nihil timendum est. • If our republic fares well, nothing ought to be feared.

21. The Dative of Agent • One of the unique features of the Passive Periphrastic is how it identifies its agent. • As we know, the normal manner in which Latin identifies the agent of a Passive Verb is with an Ablative of Agent. • However, the Passive Periphrastic takes the Dative of Agent instead.

22. The Dative of Agent • However, the Passive Periphrastic takes the Dative of Agent instead. • Hic liber mihi legendus erit. • This book will have to be read by me. • Orator nobis laudāndus est. • The orator ought to be praised by us.

23. Practice • Cathagōdelenda est. • Intellegisneomnia quae tibisciendasunt? • Populōmetūoppressō, isterexnobīs ex urbepellendus est.

24. Classwork? p. 151, #1-5 p. 159, SententiaeAntiquae #5 and 8

25. Homework? HW 32