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Glandular Epithelium

Glandular Epithelium. Main Function: Secretion Location: Lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium. Two Types. Endocrine Exocrine. Endocrine. Secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Endocrine. Location: pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. Exocrine.

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Glandular Epithelium

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  1. Glandular Epithelium • Main Function: Secretion • Location: Lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium

  2. Two Types • Endocrine • Exocrine

  3. Endocrine • Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

  4. Endocrine • Location: pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

  5. Exocrine • Secrete products that are released onto the skin surface or into the lumen of a hollow organ.

  6. Exocrine • Products secreted: mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes.

  7. Exocrine • Most glands are multicellular, but some are single-celled like goblet cells.

  8. Exocrine Glands • Merocrine secretion - their products are synthesized on fixed ribosomes (RER), package in the golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles and released via exocytosis.

  9. Exocrine Glands Continued • Holocrine secretion - a secretory product accumulates in the cytosol. Once the cell matures it bursts and the cell itself becomes the secretory product. • Example: Sebaceous glands

  10. Connective Tissue • Vascular except cartilage and tendons

  11. Connective Tissue • Has a nerve supply

  12. Connective Tissue • Two major components: • Cells • Matrix

  13. Types of Cells 1. Mesenchymal Cells: Mesodermal embryonic cells that give rise to cells of the connective tissue.

  14. Types of Cells 2. Fibroblasts: Immature cells that secrete the matrix in loose and dense connective tissue.

  15. Types of Cells 3. Chondroblasts: cells that secrete the matrix in cartilage.

  16. Types of Cells • Once the matrix is produced, chondroblasts differentiate into mature cells called chondrocytes.

  17. Types of Cells 4. Osteoblasts: Immature cells that secrete the matrix in bone.

  18. Types of cells • Once the matrix is produced, osteoblasts differentiate into mature cells called osteocytes.

  19. Types of Cells • Macrophages: Engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis.

  20. Types of Cells • Found in lungs and spleen

  21. Types of Cells • Plasma Cells: They secret antibodies. (Antibodies are proteins that attack foreign substances)

  22. Types of Cells • Found in salivary glands, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, GI tract, and respiratory tract.

  23. Types of Cells • Mast Cells: Produce histamine. (Histamine dilates small blood vessels when the body undergoes injury or infection)

  24. Types of Cells • Found in blood vessels

  25. Type of Cells • Adipocytes: Are fat cells that store triglycerides.

  26. Type of Cells • Found below skin, around the heart and kidney.

  27. Types of Cells 9. White Blood Cells: Not normally found in connective tissue. They Migrate from the blood into connective tissue in cases of infection, parasitic invasion, and allergic responses.

  28. Connective Tissue Matrix • Consists of: • Ground Substance • Fibers

  29. Ground Substance • Between cells and fibers

  30. Ground Substance • Supports cells and binds them together

  31. Ground Substance • Composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.

  32. Fibers • Collagen • Elastic • Reticular

  33. Collagen • Strong and resist pulling forces

  34. Collagen • Occur in bundles parallel to each other

  35. Collagen • Found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

  36. Elastic • Strong and can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length.

  37. Elastic • Contain the property elasticity.

  38. Elastic • Found in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue

  39. Reticular Fibers • Provide support and strength

  40. Reticular Fibers • Thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networks

  41. Reticular Fibers • Form a network around cells in areolar, adipose, and smooth muscle tissue.

  42. Reticular Fibers • Found in spleen and lymph nodes.

  43. Types of Connective Tissue • Mesenchyme • Mucous connective tissue • Areolar connective tissue • Adipose connective tissue • Reticular connective tissue • Dense regular connective tissue • Dense irregular connective tissue

  44. Types continued • Elastic Connective Tissue • Hyaline Cartilage • Fibrocartilage • Elastic Cartilage • Bone tissue • Blood tissue • Lymph

  45. Mesenchyme • Irregular shaped mesenchymal cells

  46. Mesenchyme • Ground substance contains reticular fibers

  47. Mesenchyme • Mostly found under skin and along bones of embryo

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