: , ,

1. 1 ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??: ????????, ?????????, ???????????

2. 2 ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????

3. 3 ?????????????????????? (1)

4. 4 ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????? 1 bar ??????????????????????????? 1 ???????? ??? 1 ?? ???????????????????? (???????????? bar ?????????????????????????????????????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Technical Atmosphere) ??????? 1 Kg/cm2 = 0.981 bar ???????????????????????????? (Physical Atmosphere)1 atm = 1.01325 bar???????????1 psi = 0.068947 bar??????? 1 bar ??????????????????????????? 1 ???????? ??? 1 ?? ???????????????????? (???????????? bar ?????????????????????????????????????????) ?????????????????????????????

5. 5 ?????????????????????

6. 6 ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? (%) NITROGEN 78.084 OXYGEN 20.946 ARGON 0.934 CARBON DIOXIDE 0.033 NEON 0.00182 HELIUM 0.00052 ???? 0.00066 (KRYTON, HYDROGEN, XENON, OZONE, RADON, ETC.)

7. 7 ????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? 3% ?????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????? 6 ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????

8. 8 ???????????????? CO2 ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? CO2 ????????????????????????? ?????? 99% ??? CO2 ??????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? CO2 ????????????? ????????? ???? CO2 ?????? 10% ??? CO2 ????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? CO2 ???????????????????????????

9. 9 ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 4 ???? ??? TROPOSPHERE, STRATOSPHERE, MESOSPHERE, ??? THERMOSPHERE ?????????? 3 ???????????????????????????? ? ????????????? ????????????????? HOMOSPHERE ??????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????

10. 10

11. 11 TROPOSPHERE ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????? 6 ???? C ??? 1 ??. ???????????????? TROPOPAUSE ???????????????? ????????? 8 ?????????????????? ????????? 18 ????????????????????????

12. 12

13. 13 JETSTREAM

14. 14 STRATOSPHERE ???????????????????????? TROPOSPHERE ???????????????? 50 - 55 ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? UV ?????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????? ? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????????? STRATOPAUSE ??????????????????????? (MOTHER-OF-PEARL) ???????????????? 20-30 ????????  ???????????????? ( Mantreal protocal )  ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?? 1977 (2520 ) ????????????????????????????????? (United Nations Environmental Programme ,UNEP ) ????????????????????????????????????? ?? 1985 (2528 ) ??????????????????????? ( UNEP Veinna convention) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??? 20 ????????????????? 16 ??????? 1987 (2530) ???????????????????????? ? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ( Mantreal protocal )???????????????????????? ? 47 ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????? ( Ozone Depletion substances , ODS) ??????? CFC ??? Hologen ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Ozone ?????????? 1986 (2529 ) ?? 50 % ?????? 2000 ( 2543) ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? CFC-11( R-11) , CFC -12 (R-12) ,CFC -113(R-113),CFC -114(R-114),CFC -115(R-115), ???Halons (??????????????????????????????????)??1990 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2000 (2543) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? chlorine ???? methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) ???carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) ??? ??????????????????? NASA ???????????????????????????????? Stratosphere ?????????????? NASA ER-2 ??????????? UARS ???????????????? 1992 ??????????????????? chlorine ?????????????????????? ????????????????? chlorine monoxide (ClO) ????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? chlorine ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? Stratosphere ????????????????? CFCs  ???????????????? ( Mantreal protocal )  ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?? 1977 (2520 ) ????????????????????????????????? (United Nations Environmental Programme ,UNEP ) ????????????????????????????????????? ?? 1985 (2528 ) ??????????????????????? ( UNEP Veinna convention) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??? 20 ????????????????? 16 ??????? 1987 (2530) ???????????????????????? ? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ( Mantreal protocal )???????????????????????? ? 47 ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????? ( Ozone Depletion substances , ODS) ??????? CFC ??? Hologen ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Ozone ?????????? 1986 (2529 ) ?? 50 % ?????? 2000 ( 2543) ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? CFC-11( R-11) , CFC -12 (R-12) ,CFC -113(R-113),CFC -114(R-114),CFC -115(R-115), ???Halons (??????????????????????????????????)??1990 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2000 (2543) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? chlorine ???? methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) ???carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) ??? ??????????????????? NASA ???????????????????????????????? Stratosphere ?????????????? NASA ER-2 ??????????? UARS ???????????????? 1992 ??????????????????? chlorine ?????????????????????? ????????????????? chlorine monoxide (ClO) ????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? chlorine ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? Stratosphere ????????????????? CFCs

15. 15

16. 16 ????????? (MOTHER-OF-PEARL CLOUD) Nacreous Cloud

17. 17 MESOSPHERE ?????????? STRATOSPHERE ?????????????????????? 80 ???????? ???????????????????????????????? STRATOSPHERE ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????? - 95 ???? C ???????? 80 ???????? ????????????????? MESOPAUSE ????????????????????????? (NOCTILUCENT CLOUD) ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

18. 18 NOCTILUCENT CLOUD

19. 19 THERMOSPHERE ?????????? MESOSPHERE ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? X ??? UV ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? 400 - 500 ???????? IONIZATION ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????? IONOSPHERE ????????????????????????????????????

20. 20 ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ? ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? 1 ???? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? 2 ????? 100 ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????

21. 21 ?????????????????? ?????? 99% ????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? 0.15 - 4.0 MICRON ???????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????? SHORT-WAVE RADIATION ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? ULTRAVIOLET (UV) 7% , VISIBLE 43% , INFRARED 49% ??? x, gamma, radio wave 1% ?????? 51% ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? (SCATTERING)

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24 ??????????????

25. 25 Water Vapor and Liquid Water

26. 26 Evaporation and Condensation

27. 27 Sublimation and Deposition

28. 28 Homogeneous Nucleation

29. 29 Heterogeneous Nucleation

30. 30 Condensation Nuclei

31. 31 Cooling The Air to the Dew Point

32. 32 Adiabatic Processes

33. 33 Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate

34. 34 Condensation and Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate

35. 35 Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate

36. 36 Environmental Lapse Rate

37. 37 General Forms of Condensation

38. 38 Clouds

39. 39 Formation of Clouds

40. 40 Dissipation of Clouds

41. 41 ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? (??????????????) ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????? 2 ?????? ?????????? (CUMULIFORM CLOUD) ?????????? ???? ??????? (STRATIFORM CLOUD) ?????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????

42. 42 ????????? ??????? (6-18 ??.) CIRRUS (Ci) CIRROCUMULUS (Cc) CIROSTRATUS (Cs) ???????? (2-8 ??.) ALTOCUMULUS (Ac) ALTOSTRATUS (As) ??????? (??????? – 2 ??.) NIMBOSTRATUS (Ns) STRATOCUMULUS (Sc) STRATUS (St) ?????????????????? (??????? – 18 ??.) CUMULUS (Cu) CUMULONIMBUS (Cb)

43. 43

44. 44

45. 45

46. 46

47. 47

48. 48

49. 49

50. 50

51. 51

52. 52

53. 53

54. 54

55. 55

56. 56

57. 57

58. 58

59. 59 ???????????????????????????General Circulation

60. 60 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 6 ?????????? ????????????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????

61. 61 Radiation Budget at the top of the Earth’s Atmosphere

62. 62 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???????????????????)“????????????????????????????????” ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

63. 63 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

64. 64 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

65. 65 ?????????????????????????????????????? Hadley cell (????????????????????????????????????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ~ 30 ???? ??????: ????? (trade wind), ?????????????????? (ITCZ) Ferrel Cell (????????????????????????????????????????????????) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ~ 60 ???? ?????????????????????? ~ 30 ???? ??????: ??????????????????????? 30-60 ????

66. 66 ?????????????????????????? Equator (doldrums) 30 degrees (horse latitudes) ???????????????????? cold polar air and mid-latitude warmer air ???????? polar front

67. 67

68. 68

69. 69 ???? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Hadley cell, ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Ferrel cell ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? (Eddy) ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? Pole to pole Hadley cell is unstable in the presence of rotation rotation yields trade winds; surface westerlies in NH; upper tropospheric jets

70. 70 Air Mass Properties Air masses take on the properties of the underlying surface Air masses are classified according to their location of origin Geographical Characteristics Tropical, Polar, Arctic Surface Properties Maritime, continental Source region characteristics most prevalent if air mass remain over source region for a long period

71. 71 Air Mass Classifications cP - continental Polar Cold, dry, stable mP - miritime Polar Cool, moist, unstable mT - maritime Tropical Warm, moist, usually unstable cT - continental Tropical Hot, dry Stable air aloft, unstable surface air

72. 72 Air Mass Source Regions

73. 73 The Pineapple Express brings heavy rain Warm, moist mT air moves into California on Jan. 1, 1997 Heavy flooding caused 100,000 people to flee their homes Yesemite NP experienced nearly $200 million in damages and was closed for two months

74. 74 Air mass characteristics can differ tremendously

75. 75 Fronts

76. 76 Characteristics of Fronts A cross the front - look for one more of the following: Change of Temperature Change of Moisture characteristic RH, Td Change of Wind Direction Change in direction of Pressure Gradient Characteristic Precipitation Patterns

77. 77 How do we decide what kind of front it is? From the vantage point of the ground, if warm air replaces colder air, the front is a warm front If cold air replaces warmer air, the front is a cold front If the front does not move, it is a stationary front Occluded fronts do not intersect the ground; the interface between the air masses is aloft

78. 78 Typical Cold Front Structure Cold air replaces warm; leading edge is steep in fast-moving front shown below due to friction at the ground Strong vertical motion an unstable air forms cumuliform clouds Upper level winds blow ice crystals downwind creating cirrus and cirrostratus Slower moving fronts have less steep boundaries and less vertically developed clouds may form if warm air is stable

79. 79 Typical Warm Front Structure In an advancing warm front, warm air rides up over colder air at the surface; slope is not usually very steep Lifting of the warm air produces clouds and precipitation well in advance of boundary At different point along the warm/cold air interface, the precipitation will experience different temperature histories as it falls to the ground

80. 80

81. 81 Mid-latitude Cyclone Frontal Structure

82. 82 Mature Wave Cyclone

83. 83 Partially occluded wave cyclone

84. 84

85. 85 Scale of Motion Microscale : meters Turbulent eddies Formed by mechanical disturbance or convection Lifetimes of minutes Mesoscale : km’s to 100’s of km’s Local winds and circulaitons Land/sea breeze, mountain/valley winds, thunderstorm, tornadoes Lifetimes of minutesto hours Synoptic scale : 100’s to 1000’s of km’s Circulations around high and low pressure systems Lifetimes of days to weeks Global scale : systems ranging over entire globe

86. 86 Sea and Land Breezes Sea and land breeze Mesoscale coastal winds Thermal circulations driven by differential heating/cooling of adjacent land and water surfaces Most prevalent when/where solar heating is strong Sea breeze development Solar heating raises land temperature more than water Air in contact with land warms and rises Cooler (denser) sea air move in to replace rising air over land Air sinking over the water in response to surface air movement, producing return circulation (land-to-sea breeze) aloft

87. 87 Sea / Land breezes Covering gulf of Mexico and Atlantic sea breezes produce uplift and thunderstorm development in Florida Disruption of sea breezes reduces rainfall and can lead to a bad fire season Land breeze form at night due to stronger radiative cooling of the land surface leading to sinking and offshore flow of this cooler air mass with return flow aloft

88. 88 The monsoon Monsoon winds are Seasonal Common in eastern and southern Asia Similar to huge land/sea breeze systems During winter strong cooling produces a shallow high pressure area over Siberia Subsidence, clockwise circulation and flow out from the high provide fair weather for southern and eastern Asia During summer, air over the continent heats and rises, drawing moist air in from the oceans Convergence and topography produce lifting and heavy rain formation

89. 89 Mountain/Valley winds Sunlight heats mountain slopes during the day and they cool by radiation at night Air in contact with surface is heated/cooled in response A difference in air density is produced between air next to the mountainside and air at the same altitude away from the mountain Density difference produces upslope (day) or downslope (night) flow Daily upslope/downslope wind cycle is strongest in clear summer weather when prevailing winds are light

90. 90 Dynamic process of the atmosphere

91. 91 ??????? ? ???????????????????????????? CORIOLIS FORCE (?????????????????????????, ????????????????) PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE (PGF) Pressure Gradient = (P2 – P1) / (X2 – x1) PGF: Pressure=Force/area => Force=area x pressure = volume x pressure gradient (pressure gradient is change in pressure per unit distance) => Force = (mass/density) x pressure gradient GRAVITY CENTIPITAL FORCE FRICTION

92. 92 Coriolis Force Objects, or parcels of air or water, moving relative to the Earth’s rotation (i.e. that we, as observers on the rotating Earth, see as moving) experience an additional centrifugal force. It is this force that is called the Coriolis Force. While the Coriolis force has the same mathematical form for northward and eastward motion the physical explanation is best presented differently:

93. 93 Geostrophic wind

94. 94 Geostrophic balance

95. 95 Thermal Wind Thermal Circulations As discussed earlier, winds blow because of differences in atmospheric pressure. Pressure gradients may develop on a local to a global scale because of differences in the heating and cooling of the Earth's surface. Heating and cooling cycles that develop daily or annually can create several common local or regional thermal wind systems. The basic circulation system that develops is described in the generic illustrations below.

96. 96 Thermal wind

97. 97 Thermal Circulation Atmospheric circulation caused by the heating and cooling of air. 

98. 98 Daytime development of sea breeze

99. 99 Daytime development of valley breeze

100. 100 Winter and Summer monsoon wind patterns for southeast Asia (large scale thermal wind)

101. 101 The Gradient Wind When isobars are curved the geostrophic wind follows a curved path - the air/water is subject to a centrifugal force as well! The gradient wind for anticyclonic flow is stronger than the geostrophic wind but for cyclonic flow is weaker

102. 102 Gradient Winds

103. 103 ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????? 3 ????? ??? DEPRESSION, TROPICAL STORM, ??? TYPHOON ???? HURRICANE ???? CYCLONE

104. 104 ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????? 3 ????? ??? DEPRESSION, TROPICAL STORM, ??? TYPHOON ???? HURRICANE ???? CYCLONE

105. 105 ???????????????????????? DEPRESSION ?????????????????? 61 ??./??????? TROPICAL STORM ?????????? 61-119 ??./??????? TYPHOON, HURRICANE, CYCLONE ????????????????? 119 ??./????????????? TYPHOON ???????????????????????????? HURRICANE ??????????????????????? ???????????? CYCLONE ???????????????

106. 106

107. 107

108. 108

109. 109

110. 110 Tropical Cyclone

111. 111

112. 112

113. 113

114. 114

115. 115

116. 116 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Trade winds promote cold water upwelling in eastern tropical Pacific Cool, deep water is nutrient rich and supports rich ecosystem (plankton, fish, birds,…) Weaker trades lead to weaker upwelling. Warm nutrient-poor tropical water replaces the cold, nutrient-rich water. Every few years this El Nino (surface warming) persists and is widespread Huge ecosystem and economic losses Alters weather pattern over a large region

117. 117

118. 118

119. 119

120. 120 Why do we care about ENSO? Global impacts on weather. Long timescale (months) yields improved seasonal predicition.

121. 121 Impacts of El Nino Droughts Fires Agricultural productivity Water supply Extreme Precipitation Floods Erosions Disease Impacts through marine food chain Natural ecological responses Economics