Nouns

1. Nouns • A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing or idea. • Proper Noun: names a particular person, place, or thing and is capitalized. • Ex: Chase Utley, Philadelphia, White House • Common Noun: does not name a particular person place or thing. • Ex: woman, city, building

2. Nouns • A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing or idea. • Concrete noun: names an object that can be perceived by the senses. • Ex: hat, desk, book, box • Abstract noun: names a quality, a characteristic, an idea. • Ex: Beauty, strength, love, courage • Collective noun: names a group. • Ex: team, crowd, class Ex. 25-27

3. Singular and Plural Nouns • A singular noun names only one person, place, thing or idea. • Ex: sister, school, chair, joy • A plural noun names more than one person place, thing or idea. • Sisters, schools, chairs, joys.

4. Singular and Plural Nouns • 1) To form the plural of most singular nouns, add –s. • Grape grapes • House houses • 2) To form the plural of nouns ending with: ch, sh, ss, z, or x, add –es. • Church churches • Glass glasses • Tax taxes • 3) To form the plural of nouns ending in a y preceded by a consonant, change the y to iand add –es. • Army armies • Lady ladies

5. Singular and Plural Nouns • 4) To form the plural of nouns ending with y preceded by a vowel, add –s. • Donkey donkeys • Day days • 5) For a letter or a numeral, add –s. • X xs • 100 100s • 6) To form the plural of a noun ending in o, add –s or –es. • Piano pianos • Zero zeroes • Potato Potatoes

6. Singular and Plural Nouns • 7) To form the plural of some nouns ending in f or fe, change the f or fe to ve and add –s. For others, simply add –s. • Loaf loaves • Life lives • Chief chiefs • 8) Some singular nouns change form in the plural. • Man men • Child children • 9) Some singular nouns are the same in singular and plural. • Deer deer • Sheep sheep

7. Singular and Plural Nouns • 10) Compound Nouns are made up of more than one word. Often compound nouns are separated by a hyphen. The main word in a compound noun is made plural. • Sister-in-law sisters-in-law • Great-grandfather great-grandfathers • Man-of-war men-of-war 29

8. Pronouns • A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun. • Ex: Anglers complained about the weather forecast. • They said it had not warned them of the storm. • Ex: An umbrella and a book were left in the cafeteria. • They have not been claimed. • An antecedent is the word to which a pronoun refers. • Sometimes a pronoun takes the place of another pronoun. • Ex: One of the film projectors is broken. It has been sent out for repair. • 76-67

9. Pronouns • Personal Pronouns as subjects SingularPlural First Person I we Second Person you you Third Person he, she, it they 78-68

10. Pronouns • Personal Pronouns as objects. SingularPlural First Person me us Second Person you you Third Person him, her, it them 80-71

11. Pronouns • Possessive Pronouns • Possessive pronouns show ownership. • Some are used alone: Mine Yours His Hers Ours Theirs Ex: That computer is hers. • Possessive pronouns show ownership. • Some are used as adjectives to describe a noun: My Your His Her Its Our Their Ex: That is her computer. 90-83

12. Pronouns • Possessive Pronouns • Those pretzels are mine. • My dog ate a wheel of cheese. • His father works for the government. • Where is your homework? • Laura gave me her slice of pizza.

13. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns SingularPlural • First Person myself ourselves • Second Person yourself yourselves • Third Person himself, herself themselves itself These are not acceptable: hisself, theirself, theirselves

14. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns • Reflexive – ends in –self or –selves and indicates that someone or something performs an action to, for, or upon itself(that the subject performs AND receives the action.) • Joy helped herself to some turkey. • They poured some milk for themselves. • Intensive– ends in –self or –selves and simply adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence. • The mayor herself attended the carnival. • Frank fixed the refrigerator himself. • (Hint: If you omit an intensive pronoun, the sentence will contain the same basic information.)

15. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns • Reflexive – • I gave myself plenty of time to get to work. • You should let yourself into the house. • Jim bought a shirt for himself. • Jill read to herself. • The dog scratched itself. • We treated ourselves to pizza. • You can make yourselves at home. • The children are able to dress themselves.

16. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns • Intensive – • I myself am sick of the heat. • You yourself are responsible for this mess! • The president himself appeared at the rally. • The actress wrote those lines herself . • The cat caught the mouseitself . • We ourselves made the meal. • You yourselves can win this game. • The troops themselves helped the people escape the burning building.

17. Interrogative Pronouns • Interrogative Pronouns– used to begin a question. • An interrogative pronoun may or may not have a specific antecedent. • What, which, who, whom, whose • What do you mean? • Which of the vegetables do you want? • Who is always used for subjects. • Ex: Who is coming to the party? • Whom is always used for objects. • Ex: Whom did you meet after school? • Ex: For whom did you buy that gift?

18. Demonstrative Pronouns • Demonstrative Pronouns – help specify one of many different people, places or things. • Singular: this, that • Plural: these, those • May come before or after their antecedents. • Ex: Thosebooks shouldn’t be on the table. • Ex: Of all the celebrations in the world, that is my favorite.

19. Relative Pronouns • Relative Pronouns– relate clauses. Begins a subordinate clause and connects it to another idea in the sentence. • that, which, who, whom, whose • (Use who or whom when referring to a person. Do not use that) • Independent ClauseSubordinate clause We planted a shrub that attracts ladybugs. I saw a cicada which was a surprise. Tyler is the player who pitched first.

20. Relative, Demonstrative, or Interrogative • We planted a shrub that attracts ladybugs. (Relative) • That shrub attracts ladybugs. (Demonstrative) • Who won the pie-eating? (Interrogative) • Jim is the student who won the pie-eating contest. (Relative) • Is that the woman who won the award?

21. Indefinite Pronouns • May refer to people, places, or things, often without specifying which ones. • Some may have an antecedent, but many do not. • Ex. • Everyone in the building must be evacuated. • Something is making noise in the attic. • Many students are going to the football game. • Few will miss it.

22. Pronouns 5. Which of you, upon returning home from a trip, suddenly notices how different all of the rooms look to you? 6. Some of your possessions may look unfamiliar to you, and a few of them may seem totally alien. 7. Eventually, the impression of newness wears off, and your house takes on its familiar appearance. 8. Each of us can regain the ability to see freshly if we make full use of our sense of sight.

23. Pronouns 9. We must see the shapes of the objects themselves instead of thinking about their function. 10. According to Claude Monet, a French impressionist painter whose works are world-famous, in order to see as an artist, we must forget the names of the things that we are looking at.

24. Adjectives • Words used to describe a noun or pronoun or to give a noun or pronoun a more specific meaning. • The process by which an adjective describes a word or makes it more specific is called modification.

25. Adjectives • Answer the questions • What kind? rare coin lucky one • Which one? first try that dog • How many? seven days few people • How much? adequate time no money • 107-96

26. Adjectives • Small work boats were sailed extensively for pleasure in early colonial times. • The first pleasure schooner was built in 1816. • It was built specifically as a large, luxurious yacht. • American yacht clubs started around the 1840s. • Six members of the New York Yacht Club financed America’s first racing yacht.

27. Predicate Adjectives • A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject of the sentence. • Ex: • Jill was happy over the outcome of the game. • Today, the waves are wild and rough.

28. Articles • Three adjectives – the, an, and a – are called articles. • The = a definite article • Indicates the noun it modifies refers to a specific person, place, or thing. • The batter stepped into the batter’s box. • A, an = indefinite articles • Indicate the nouns they modify refer to any one of a class of people, places, or things. • Ex: Give me a baseball. Give me an umbrella. Home Depot is having a one-day sale.

29. Nouns used as Adjectives • A noun used as an adjective answers the question “What kind?” or “Which one?” about the noun that follows it. • Ex: • She bought chocolate ice cream • (What kind of ice cream?) • He broke his ring finger • (Which finger?)

30. Proper Adjectives • A proper adjective is a proper noun used as an adjective or as an adjective formed from a proper noun. • Ex: • Boston newspaper Bostonian dialect • India ink Indian curry

31. Compound Adjectives • A compound adjective is an adjective made up of more than one word. • Hyphenated • long-distance runner • saber-toothed tiger • Combined examples • bedtime story • household goods

32. Action Verbs • An action verb is a verb that tells what action someone or something is performing. • The king rules. • Famine struck the people. p. 49 ex. 44 • Action verbs show mental action as well as visible action. • Visible = We chose two books about Alaska. • Mental = They remember the film about Alaska.

33. Action Verbs: Transitive • An action verb is transitive if it directs action toward someone or something named in the sentence. • The receiver of the action of a transitive verb is called the object of the verb. • Examples • Pat carried her books to the lecture. • Beth dropped the hot pizza on the floor. • We saw Grandma at the store • To determine whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, ask Whom? or What? After the verb. If you can find the answer in the sentence, the verb is transitive. If you cannot, the verb is intransitive.

34. Action Verbs: Intransitive • An action verb is intransitive if it does not direct action toward someone or something named in the sentence. • Intransitive verbs have no receiver. • Examples • The temperature fell quickly. • Wilber worked late. • Jane studies in the morning. • I sleep in class. • Note: • Intransitive verbs are frequently followed by adverbs or prepositional phrases.

35. Transitive or Intransitive? • Most action verbs can be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another. • Bill reads books about Alaska. • Bill reads every night. • I drive to school. • I drive the truck. • Can you create your own examples of verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive?

36. Linking Verbs • A linking verb is a verb that connects a word at or near the beginning of the sentence with a word at or near the end. • Few in number but widely used. • Do NOT show action. • Examples • Sarah is an astronaut. (renames) • Sarah = astronaut. • She is happy. (describes) • She = happy • Sometimes a verb can be an action verb in one sentence and linking in another. • Robbie grew taller. (describes) • Robbie grew tomatoes (transitive)

37. Transitive, Intransitive, Linking? • 1) Find the verb in the sentence. • 2) Does this verb show action? If so, proceed to step 3; if not, proceed to step 4. • 3) If the verb shows action, ask what? or whom? after the verb. • If you have a direct answer that receives the action = transitive. • James caught the ball. • James saw Jim at the game. • If you do have a direct answer that renames or describes the subject = linking. • James felt sick. • If you don’t have a direct answer = intransitive. • James ran to the bathroom. • 4) If the verb doesn’t show action, but is a being verb that links a noun or adjective with the sentence’s subject, then you have a linking verb.

38. Transitive, Intransitive, Linking? • 1) Timmy found a dollar on the floor in the hallway. • 2) Timmy looked for the dollar’s owner. • 3) Timmy felt confused. • 4) Timmy is happy with his dollar.

39. Helping Verbs • Helping verbs are verbs that can be added to another verb (main verb) to make a single verb phrase. • A single verb phrase is formed from as many as four words. • Verb phrases include the main verb and all of its helpers. • Any of the forms of “be” as well as some other verbs can be used as helping verbs. • Memorize them! • Examples • Without helping verbs: They sing in the morning. • With helping verbs: They will sing in the morning. They might sing in the morning.

40. Helping Verbs • Verb phrases are often interrupted by other words. • Words together: • They will be flying in the morning. • Words separated • They will definitely be flying in the morning. • You should not leave without a pass. • I have always been wary of flying.

41. Adverbs • An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. • Often, adding –ly to an adjective creates an adverb. • Ex: loud crying; baby cried loudly • An adverb modifying a verb answers the questions • Where? • Fell below, move aside • When? • Arrived today; left early • How? In what way? • Happily ran; ended abruptly. • To what extent? (How often? or how much?) • Wash completely; have not completed; partially understands

42. Adverbs • Examples: • She drives carefully. • Carefully tells how she drives. • She drives early and late. • Early and late tell when she drives. • She drives everywhere. • Everywhere tells where she drives. • She can almost drive. • Almost tells to what extent she can drive. • She drives daily. • Daily tells how often she drives.

43. Adverbs • Some adverbs, such as really, actually, truly, indeed, are mostly used for emphasis. These are classified as adverbs of extent. • Ramona can really cook. • He can actually drive. • Some nouns may be used as adverbs. • Examples • I called her yesterday. • She is leaving tomorrow. • We expect them Monday.

44. Adverbs • Adverbs modify adjectives by answering one question: To what extent? • She is a really good driver. (modifies good) • He is too eager to start driving. (modifies eager) • The thunder is very far away. (modifies far) • My brother was unusually quiet this morning. (modifies quiet)

45. Adverbs • Adverbs modifying other adverbs come directly before the adverb they modify. • The electrician worked very carefully. (modifies carefully) • The hummingbird visits almost daily. (modifies daily) • The car followed too closely. (modifies closely) • She left extremely quickly. (modifies quickly)

46. Adverbs • Follow these steps to finding all the adverbs in a sentence. • 1) Find the verb and ask: When? Where? How? To what extent? • 2) If you find an adverb using step one, look at the word directly in front of it. Is that word describing the adverb? • 3) Find all adjectives in the sentence. Is the word directly in front of each adjective describing it by answering: To what extent?

47. Adverbs or Adjectives • Identifying a word as either an adverb or adjective can be confusing. • Remember adjectives answer: What kind? Which one? How many? How much? • Remember adverbs answer: When? Where? How? To what extent? • Just because a word ends in –ly doesn’t mean it’s an adverb.

48. Prepositions • A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence. • The eagle flew above the trees. • The puppy ran through the yard, around the tree, and into the house.

49. Prepositions • Object of the Preposition • A preposition always appears in a phrase. • The noun or pronoun at the end of a prepositional phrase is the object of the preposition. • The eagle flew above the trees. • The puppy ran through the yard, around the tree, and into the house. • A group of words may act as a preposition. • Ex: on account of; in spite of; in front of • Put the trophy in front of the picture.

50. Prepositions • Object of the Preposition • When pronouns are used as objects of a preposition, they must be in the objective case. • Ex: • We gave the book to her. • The disagreement between Tom and me has been settled.