Download
1 / 73
730 likes | 733 Views
Memory. The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Take out a piece of paper…. Name the seven dwarves…. Now name them…. Was it easy or hard?. It depends on several things…. If you like Disney movies?
E N D
Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Take out a piece of paper….. • Name the seven dwarves….. Now name them…..
Was it easy or hard? • It depends on several things…. • If you like Disney movies? • When was the last time you have seen the movie? • Are people around you being loud pain in the butts so you cannot concentrate?
Seven Dwarves Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Recall vs. Recognition Recall Recognition You must identify the target from possible targets. Multiple-choice tests. • You must retrieve the information from your memory. • Fill-in-the blank or essay tests.
Retrospective vs. Prospective Memory • Retrospective memory -involves things from the past (i.e. events, people). • Prospective memory - involves things you have to do in the future (i.e. remembering to email your college application).
The Memory Process Three step process… • Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. • Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. • Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Encoding Getting the information into our heads!!!!
Sensory Memory • A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information. • Iconic Memory: a brief visual memory. • Echoic Memory: a brief auditory memory.
Two ways to encode information: • Automatic Processing • Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing • Unconscious encoding of incidental information. • You encode space, time and word meaning without effort. • Things can become automatic with practice.
Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. • Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. • Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.
Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve • Hermann Ebbinghaus. • The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning!
Spacing Effect • We encode better when we study or practice over time. • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!
Take out a piece of paper….. • Number from 1-44 on your paper. • Name all of the U.S. Presidents.
Serial Position Effect • Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list. Presidents Recalled If we graph what an average person remembers from the presidential list- it would probably look something like this.
Encoding Information • Primacy Effect(1st things on a list) • Recency Effect(last things on a list)
Types of Encoding Encoding exercise • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words. • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM • Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. • Mnemonic devices: (memory aids) (like the “method of loci”). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NROegsMqNc • Rehearsal: repetition, repetition, etc. 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 “Foolish Moms Smoke POT."
Short-Term Memory • The stuff we encode from the sensory memory goes to STM. • Holds about 7 (+ or - 2) items for about 20 seconds. • We recall random digits better than random letters. • Info unrehearsed will decay in about 12 seconds.
Take out a piece of paper….. • I will show you a series of slides with an increasing amount of numbers on each slide. • I will show each slide for 8 seconds. • When the slide is switched you may try and write down as many of the numbers as you can.
Storage How we retain the information we encode.
Long-Term Memory • We have yet to find the limit of our long-term memory. • For example, Rajan Mahadevan was able to recite 31,811 digits of pi. • At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license plates of all of his parents’ guests (about 75 cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the plate numbers to this day.
Long-Term Memory • Unlimited storehouse of information. • It can last days, months, or years.
Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories (events). • Semantic Memories (facts).
Implicit Memories • Procedural Memories (skills). • Conditioned Memories.
Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation: • Is the long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons. • In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory. • When learning occurs, more serotonin is released into the synapses.
The Hippocampus • Is involved in storing explicit memories. • Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory. • Often leads to some form or amnesia. • The Cerebellum is involved in storing implicit memories.
Anterograde Amnesia • A loss of the ability to create new memories; while long-term memories remain intact. • Usually caused by damage to the hippocampus. • Can be caused by alcohol intoxication (i.e. “blackouts”).
Retrograde Amnesia Form of amnesia where someone is unable to recall events that occurred before the development of the amnesia. Commonly results from damage to the temporal lobes or hippocampus.
Retrieval How do we recall the information we thought we remembered? Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!
Retrieval Cues • Things that help us remember. • We often use a process called priming(the activation of associations in our memory).
Repetition Priming 1. Repetition primingrefers to the fact that it is easier to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.
Semantic Priming 2. Semantic primingrefers to the fact that it is easier to recognize a person or a word if you have just seen something closely associated with them/it.
The Context Matters!!! • Flashbulb Memories. • Mood Congruent Memory. • State Dependent Memory.
Another activity… • I will show you a series of slides with a word on each slide. • After I have shown you ALL the slides try and write down as many of the words as you can remember. • Ready?
