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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. WWII & Its Aftermath 1931-1955. Section 1: From Appeasement to War. What events unfolded between Chamberlain’s declaration of “peace for our time” and the outbreak of a world war?. Aggression Goes Unchecked 1930s.

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 WWII & Its Aftermath 1931-1955

  2. Section 1:From Appeasement to War • What events unfolded between Chamberlain’s declaration of “peace for our time” and the outbreak of a world war?

  3. Aggression Goes Unchecked1930s • Mussolini, Hitler and leaders of Japan viewed desire for peace as weakness and responded with new acts of aggression • Japan Manchuria & Eastern China • Italy  Ethiopia • Hitler  Goes against Treaty of Versailles • Spain  Civil War

  4. APPEASMENT • Giving into the demands of an aggressor to keep the peace

  5. Reasons for Appeasement: • France demoralized and weak; could not take on Hitler without British support • British no desire to confront Hitler; believed terms of Treaty of Versailles were too harsh • Widespread pacifism: opposition to all war • Saw Hitler and fascism as the lesser of two evils! …Hitler vs. Soviet Communism

  6. Neutrality Acts US Foreign Policy (1930s) – Passed by Congress • Forbade the sale of weapons to any nation at war • No loans to warring nations • No Americans allowed on ships of warring nations GOAL: to prevent US from getting involved in another war!!!!!

  7. AXIS POWERS Rome-Berlin-Tokyo They agreed to fight Soviet Communism & not interfere with one another’s plans for territorial expansion

  8. Spanish Civil War • 1936, a local struggle in Spain polarized public opinion throughout Europe. It started in 1931, when popular unrest against the old order forced the king to leave Spain. • Leftist demanded more radical reforms and the conservatives (backed by the military) rejected change. • FRANCISCO FRANCO: CONSERVATIVE GENERAL LED A REVOLT THAT TOUCHED OFF A BLOODY CIVIL WAR.

  9. German Aggression Continues • Hitler continued to pursue his goal of bringing all German-speaking people into the Third Reich. He also took steps to gain living space for Germans in Eastern Europe.

  10. “Peace for our time” • British Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain • Munich Conference (Sep1938) British and French leaders chose appeasement • They caved in to Hitler’s demands and then persuaded Czechs to surrender Sudetenland • The MUNICH PACTwas thought to have saved Europe from destruction

  11. Nazi-Soviet Pact • Germany & Soviet Union • This bound Hitler & Stalin to peaceful relations • Secretly, the two agreed not to fight if the other went to war and to divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe between them • The pact was based not on friendship or respect but on mutual need

  12. Invasion of Poland SEPTEMBER 1ST, 1939 • A week after the Nazi-Soviet Pact, German forces invade Poland • Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany WWII BEGINS

  13. Section 2: The Axis Advances • Which regions were attacked and occupied by the Axis powers, and what was life like under their occupation?

  14. Diplomacy and compromise had not satisfied the Axis powers’ hunger for empire. Western democracies had hoped that appeasement would help establish a peaceful world order. But Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and imperial Japan plunged ahead with their plans for conquest!

  15. Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”

  16. Lightning War - tactic of overwhelming the enemy force • German planes bomb all airfields, factories, and cities 2. Tanks and troop transports quickly move in to eliminate all other threats on the ground (soldiers/citizens)

  17. Luftwaffe • German Air force • They bombed: • Airfields • Factories • Cities

  18. Poland Dismantled • USSR took lands promised to them in the Nazi-Soviet Pact • The polish army fought back unsuccessfully • Within a month, Poland ceased to exist GERMANY attacked from the WEST USSR attacked from the EAST

  19. The Spring Offensive - -Hitler passed the winter (Dec 1939-Feb 1940) without further military action. April 1940 - Hitler launched the blitzkrieg against Norway and Denmark, both quickly fell to the Germans. - German troops then attacked the Netherlands and Belgium.

  20. Miracle at Dunkirk • France prepared for attack and hunkered down behind the Maginot Line • Great Britain sent troops to strengthen the French Lines • The Germans bypass the Maginot Line and pierce the French Lines • French & British begin retreating towards the English Channel

  21. Miracle at Dunkirk - Retreating British forces were soon trapped between the advancing Nazis and the waters of the English Channel - The British sent all available naval vessels: merchant ships, fishing boats, and even passenger ships to pluck stranded troops off the beaches of Dunkirk. - This "Armada" ferried more than 300,000troops to safety in Britain.

  22. France falls to the Germans - The German army attacked from the North and then marched South towards Paris. - Italy declared war on France and attacked from the south. - France quickly surrendered (June 22, 1940) - Germans occupied France and established a "Puppet Government" with its capital in Vichy. - The French that escaped to Britain established their own government (in-exile) led by General Charles de Gaulle. They organized a French resistance movement to fight the Germans at home.

  23. Operation Sea Lion • The German plan for invading Britain. • With the fall of France in June 1940, Great Britain stood alone in Western Europe. • Hitler planned on Britain surrendering… • British Prime Minister – Winston Churchill • He rallied his citizens to FIGHT

  24. The London Blitz Aug. 1940 - German bombers begin a daily bombardment of England's Southern coast. - The British Royal air force fought to protect the nation - The German air force changed their tactics and began to bomb civilian targets instead of military ones. - bombed cities in and around London  - Germans bombed London for 57 straight days - 40,000were killed and most of London was demolished

  25. The Blitz fails - the bombing had the reverse effect on British citizens - they became more determined to fight the Germans - Operation Sea Lion was canceled and Hitler set his eyes on a new target - the Soviet Union. - This decision would ultimately cost German the war

  26. Africa & the Balkans • Axis Armies push into Northern Africa • Germany’s brilliant commander “The Desert Fox” – General Erwin Rommel • Under his command, the Germans force the British to retreat • By 1941, the Axis Powers controlled MOST of Western Europe!!!

  27. Operation Barbarossa • The German invasion of the Soviet Union • After the failure of Britain, Hitler turned his military might to a new target – the SOVIET UNION!

  28. 3 million German troops invade the Soviet Union • Stalin was caught off guard and was still hurting from the Great Purge. • Soviets lost 2 ½ million soldiers trying to fend off the invaders • As the Soviets retreated, they destroyed factories and farm equipment, and burned crops to keep them out of enemy hands. This is known as scortched-earth policy.

  29. Siege of Leningrad • 1941, the 2 ½ year siege of Leningrad began • More than a million Leningraders died in the siege, BUT THE CITY DID NOT FALL TO THE GERMANS!

  30. Hitler’s New Order • Grew out of his racial obsession…belief in the “MASTER RACE” • The inferior races were shoved aside for more LIVING SPACE for the Germans, the strongest of the Aryans. • Occupied lands were an economic resource • Concentration Camps & Death Camps

  31. American Involvement Grows • When the war began, the US declared its neutrality • FDR found ways around the Neutrality Acts to provide aid and supplies to Britain • LEND-LEASE ACT: allowed the US to sell or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.”

  32. Japan • From the late 1930s, Japan had been trying to conquer China • To stop Japanese Aggression, the US banned the sale of war materials, such as iron, steel, and oil to Japan. THIS ANGERED JAPAN!

  33. Pearl Harbor • December 7th, 1941 • “A date which will live in infamy” – FDR • Japanese airplane bombed the American fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii • The attack took the lives of 2,400 people and destroyed battleships and aircraft • It DIRECTLY brings the US into WWII

  34. Japanese Internment • As a result of Pearl Harbor, Japanese American and Japanese Canadians are placed in Internment Camps.

  35. Section 3: The Allies Turn the Tide • How did the Allies begin to push back the Axis powers?

  36. Total War • When the nation devotes its entire resources to the war effort.

  37. Governments Begin to Increase Their Power • They directed economic resources into the war effort • Food rations • War bonds • Prices and wages regulated • Rights of citizens were limited • Press was censored • Propaganda to win public support • Japanese Internment Camps

  38. “Rosie the Riveter” • As men joined the military, millions of women around the world replaced them in essential war industry jobs. • They built ships, planes and produced munitions • British and American women served in the armed forces in auxiliary roles: the drove ambulances, delivered airplanes, and decoded messages

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