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Chapter 21 The Rise of Islam

Chapter 21 The Rise of Islam. CHAPTER FOCUS. SECTION 1 Islam SECTION 2 The Arab Empire SECTION 3 Arab Contributions. Terms to Learn. People to Know. Muhammad. pillars of faith. mosque imam hajj alchemists. al-Idrisi al-Rāzi Omar Khayyám Ibn Khaldun. Places to Locate. Makkah.

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Chapter 21 The Rise of Islam

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  1. Chapter 21 The Rise of Islam

  2. CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1Islam SECTION 2The Arab Empire SECTION 3Arab Contributions

  3. Terms to Learn People to Know • Muhammad • pillars of faith • mosque • imam • hajj • alchemists • al-Idrisi • al-Rāzi • Omar Khayyám • Ibn Khaldun Places to Locate • Makkah • Madina (Yathrib) • Damascus • Baghdad

  4. Islam • “Islam” is an Arabic word that means “the act of submitting, or giving oneself over, to the will of God.” • An Arab merchant named Muhammad, who came to be known as the prophet of Allah, founded the Islamic faith. • Islam shook the foundations of Byzantium and Persia, the two most powerful civilizations of the time.

  5. Makkah (Mecca) • By the middle of the 500s, the three major towns of Yathrib, Ta’ if, and Makkah had developed in the Hejaz. • Arab pilgrims, or travelers to a religious shrine, came there to worship in Arabia’s holiest shrine, the Ka’bah.

  6. Muhammad • In 570, Muhammad was born to a widow of a respectable clan in Makkah. • The drinking, gambling, and corruption in Makkah troubled Muhammad, so he spent much time alone in a cave outside the city, thinking and fasting. • Muhammad concluded that there was only one God, Allah, the same god as the God of the Jews and the Christians. • The rich leaders of Makkah began to feel threatened and, as a result, started persecuting Muhammad and his followers.

  7. Muhammad (cont.) • Muhammad and several hundred of his followers fled from Makkah to Yathrib (later Madina) in 622. • In Madina, Muhammad gave the people a government that united them and made them proud of their new faith. • But, the people of Makkah invaded Madina several times.

  8. Muhammad (cont.) • In 628, Muhammad signed a peace treaty with the people of Makkah, which they violated in 630, leading Muhammad and his companions to triumphantly enter their home city, Makkah, for a peaceful conquest. • In 632 Muhammad died.

  9. The Quran • The Quran is written in Arabic and describes the pillars of faith, or the five duties all Muslims must fulfill. • The first duty is the confession of faith. • The second duty deals with prayer; some of which are recited at a mosque and led by a prayer leader called an imam. • The third duty has to do with the giving of zakah, or charity. • The fourth duty deals with fasting. • The fifth duty involves a pilgrimage to Makkah, called the hajj.

  10. The Arab Empire • When Muhammad died in 632, a group of Muslims chose a new leader whom they called khalifa, or caliph, which means “successor.”

  11. The Rightly Guided Caliphs • The first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law and close friend. • As the next caliphs ruled from Madina and kept in close touch with the people, they were called the Rightly Guided Caliphs. • The Rightly Guided Caliphs honored Muhammad’s wish to carry Islam to other peoples and sent warriors into Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, and North Africa.

  12. The Rightly Guided Caliphs(cont.) • Throughout all these places, the Arabs were victorious because Islam united them in striving for a common goal, which they considered holy. • The Arab way of treating the people they conquered also contributed to their success.

  13. The Umayyads • Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law and the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, was killed in 661. • The new caliph moved the capital from Madina to Damascus and founded the Umayyad Dynasty. • The Umayyads ruled more like kings than religious leaders. • However, the Umayyads had social and economic troubles that, in the end, led to their downfall.

  14. The Umayyads (cont.) • The Muslims themselves divided into two groups, the Shi’ah and the Sunni. • After a while, war broke out between the Umayyads and a group of Muslims called Abbasids. • In 750, the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads and became the new rulers of the Arab Empire.

  15. The Abbasids • The Abbasids ruled the Arab Empire from 750 to 1258; their first 100 years was known as the Golden Age of Islam. • Under the Abbasids, all that remained of Arab influence was the Arabic language and the Islamic religion. • The Abbasids created the government post ofvizier, or chief adviser between the throne and the people. • The Abbasids made Baghdad one of the major trading centers of the world.

  16. The Abbasids (cont.) • Life in the empire changed as advanced farming methods were employed. • The empire soon became too large for one caliph, and it began to break up into independent kingdoms. • In 836, the caliph moved to a new capital city called Samarra. • In 945, the Persians took control of Baghdad.

  17. The Golden Age of Muslim Spain • The Muslim Arabs who conquered North Africa intermarried with the Berbers and became known as Moors. • In 710, they invaded Spain, defeated the West Goths, who had taken the country from the Romans, and set up a kingdom that allowed religious freedom. • For the next 400 years, a rich culture flourished in Spain. • During this time, Jews traveled to and traded in every part of the Arab Empire and beyond.

  18. Islamic Life • Islam was born in a society where men could have unlimited numbers of wives and the killing of female children was common. • Islam attempted to correct this situation. • Both men and women were obligated to seek knowledge. • Reciting and memorizing the Quran was an important requirement in education. • The mosques served as neighborhood schools.

  19. Arab Contributions • Between the 770s and the 1300s, Arab scholars helped preserve much of the learning of the ancient world and made many other contributions to the modern world. • Many Arab scientists, known as alchemists, tried to turn base metals, such as tin, iron, and lead, into gold and silver. • Arab astronomers studied the heavens, named stars, described solar eclipses, and proved the moon’s effects on tides and the oceans.

  20. Arab Contributions (cont.) • The astronomer-geographer al-ldrisi drew the first accurate map of the world. • Arab mathematicians invented algebra and borrowed the numerals 0-9 from Gupta mathematicians. • The Arabs gave much to the field of medicine, setting up the world’s first school of pharmacy, opening the world’s first drugstores, and organizing medical clinics. • The Persian doctor al-Razi discovered differences between measles and smallpox.

  21. Arab Contributions (cont.) • The Arabs also made many contributions to the arts. • The Persian poet Omar Khayyám’s Rubáiyát is considered one of the finest poems ever written. • Islamic art is distinct and full of color. • Much of what is known about this time comes from Arabs, such as Ibn Khaldun, who wrote down the history of Islam.

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