THE SPIRIT OF REFORM (1868-1920)

1. Chapter 8 THE SPIRIT OF REFORM(1868-1920) Section 1: The Gilded Age Section 2: Progressive Ideals Section 3: Reforming the Workplace Section 4: Women’s Suffrage and Temperance Section 5: Minorities Fight for Change

2. Section l:The Gilded Age OBJECTIVES • In what ways did bosses control city politics? • How did scandals affect national politics during the Gilded Age? • How did the appointment of federal officials change during the late 1800’s?

3. Section l:The Gilded Age Bosses Control City Politics • Traded favors for votes • Drew support from immigrants by offering them money or jobs for votes

4. Section l:The Gilded Age The Federal Government Suffers from Scandals • The presidency of Ulysses S. Grant was viewed as corrupt because of scandals. • Whiskey Ring – U.S. treasury officials were jailed for taking bribes from Whiskey distillers • Credit Mobilier (1872) – some members of Congress who bought or were given shares of the company in return for large federal grants to the company

5. SECTION 1 The Gilded Age Question: How did the appointment of federal officials change during the late 1800s?

6. SECTION 1 The Gilded Age Appointment of jobs after Pendleton Civil Service Act • jobs appointed by exam and merit system • under control of the Civil Service Commission Appointment of government jobs in late 1800s • jobs granted by spoils system • many unqualified individuals appointed to positions

7. Section l:The Gilded Age Change in the Way Federal Officials Were Appointed • Exams were given to obtain civil service jobs based on merit. • Pendleton Civil Service Act was passed in 1883.

8. Section 2:Progressive Ideals OBJECTIVES • What roles did middle-class reformers and muckrakers play in the progressive movement? • How did progressives change government? • How did progressives address the country’s social problems?

9. Section 2:Progressive Ideals Role of Middle Class Reformers and Muckrakers • These individuals had the free time and training needed to organize reform movements. • Progressives worked for reforms in several areas such as health, education and government. • Many progressives agreed that the government and public should solve social problems together.

10. Section 2:Progressive Ideals Progressives Changed Government By: • writing about, thus exposing, the muck or filth of society • supporting reforms that would give political machines less power • trying to give voters more power by supporting the direct primary and the Seventeenth Amendment • working to make local governments more efficient and responsive to citizens by using procedures like Senator Robert M. LaFollette’s Wisconsin Idea

11. Section 2:Progressive Ideals (continued) Progressives Changed Government By: • supporting recall, initiative, and referendum recall – unhappy voters can sign a petition asking for a special vote to remove an elected official before the end of his or her term initiative – allows voters to propose a new law by collecting signatures on a petition. If they get enough signatures the proposed law is voted on at the next election referendum – permits voters to approve or reject a law that has already been proposed or passed by state of local governments

12. Section 2:Progressive Ideals Progressive Social Reforms • Progressives worked to reform education at all levels. • They tried to improve the education of medical professionals and in 1901 the American Medical Association was reorganized.

13. SECTION 2 Progressive Ideas Question: How did progressives address the country’s social problems?

14. SECTION 2 Progressive Ideas Social Problem Reform States pass laws requiring school attendance, started kindergarten programs, developed high school programs with courses in job training. Childhood Education Medical Education The AMA was reorganized.

15. Section 3:Reforming the Workplace OBJECTIVES • How did progressives attempt to change labor laws? • How did the Supreme Court react to labor legislation? • How did labor organize to improve working conditions?

16. Section 3:Reforming the Workplace Progressives Attempt to Reform Labor • Progressives like Florence Kelley fought against child labor. • Progressives favored the eight-hour workday. • They supported minimum wage laws and called for laws that would protect workers from unsafe conditions. • They worked for workers’ compensation laws.

17. Section 3:Reforming the Workplace The Courts and Labor • State and federal courts often used the Fourteenth Amendment to strike down regulations. • In l898 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states could limit hours of work in dangerous jobs.

18. Section 3:Reforming the Workplace (continued) The Courts and Labor • In Lochner v. New York the Supreme Court ruled that states could not restrict the rights of employers and workers to enter into any type of labor agreement or contract that they wished. • In 1908 the Supreme Court, in Mueller v. Oregon, ruled to limit the working hours of women.

19. Section 3:Reforming the Workplace Labor Organizations • Workers formed unions to obtain better working conditions and wages. • Some welcomed more radical ideas like socialism. • The Industrial Workers of the World was founded in 1905.

20. SECTION 3 Reforming the Workplace Question: How did labor organize to improve the workplace?

21. SECTION 3 • Some unions pushed for capitalism or socialism. • Other unions held strikes. Reforming the Workplace Ways that labor organized to improve working conditions

22. Section 4: Women’sSuffrage and Temperance OBJECTIVES • What new educational opportunities did women have in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, and how did they affect women and society? • What roles did women play in the temperance movement? • How did women’s rights activist work to gain the vote?

23. Section 4: Women’sSuffrage and Temperance New Educational Opportunities for Women and its Effect on Society • More higher education was available for women. • Several women’s colleges were founded including Smith, Vassar, and Wellesley. • After graduation women found that there were few jobs available and they were denied access to some professions. • Many joined local women’s social clubs that worked on a variety of projects.

24. Section 4: Women’s Suffrage and Temperance Role of Women in the Temperance Movement • Women were vital to the organization and success of the temperance movement. • The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was formed to fight alcohol abuse. • The work of the WCTU led to the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919.

25. Section 4: Women’s Suffrage and Temperance The Woman’s Suffrage Movement • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890 to obtain the right to vote for women. • Carrie Chapman Catt fought for women’s suffrage in the west.

26. Section 4: Women’s Suffrage and Temperance (continued) The Woman’s Suffrage Movement • In 1913 Alice Paul founded the National Woman’s Party which used controversial methods such as hunger strikes and pickets in an effort to obtain the right to vote for women. • Together the NWP and NAWSA worked to see the Nineteenth Amendment added to the U.S. Constitution.

27. SECTION 4 Women’s Suffrage and Temperance Question: What new educational opportunities for women developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and what were the results?

28. SECTION 4 Women’s Suffrage and Temperance NEW EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN Opportunity Result Many female graduates found it difficult to get jobs in male-dominated professions. Many women joined social clubs. Many women were able to Attend colleges and universities.

29. Section 5:Minorities Fight for Change OBJECTIVES • What reforms did African Americans seek during the Progressive Era? • What difficulties did American Indians face during the Progressive Era, and how did they respond? • How did immigration change among Chinese Americans and Mexican Americans during the Progressive Era?

30. Section 5:Minorities Fight for Change African Americans Seek Reform • African Americans sought racial discrimination and segregation reforms. • They wanted to improve economic conditions and stop lynching and race riots. • The National Urban League was founded in 1911 to help African Americans make the transition from the South to northern cities.

31. Section 5:Minorities Fight for Change Difficulties of the American Indians During the Progressive Era • American Indians were forced to live on reservations where poverty and unemployment were high. • The Society of American Indians was formed in 1911 to address these concerns. • The Society of American Indians encouraged Indians to gain U.S. citizenship and adopt the American way of life.

32. SECTION 5 Minorities Fight for Change Question: How did immigration change for Chinese Americans and Mexican Americans during the Progressive Era?

33. SECTION 5 Minorities Fight for Change Immigration Changes for Chinese and Mexican Americans Mexican immigration rose because Mexicans could freely enter the United States. Chinese immigration slowed because of laws restricting Chinese entering the United States.