WHAT IS CCTV?

1. WHAT IS CCTV?

2. CCTV STANDS FOR CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION AND IS ALSO KNOWN AS VIDEO SURVEILLANCE. IN CONTRAST TO "NORMAL" TV, WHICH IS AIRED TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC, "CLOSED- CIRCUIT" BROADCASTS ARE OFTEN SENT TO A LIMITED (CLOSED) NUMBER OF MONITORS. CCTV NETWORKS ARE COMMONLY EMPLOYED TO IDENTIFY AND DISCOURAGE CRIMINAL ACTIVITY AND TO RECORD TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS, BUT THEY MAY ALSO BE USED FOR OTHER PURPOSES. GERMAN SCIENTISTS INVENTED CCTV TECHNOLOGY IN 1942 TO MONITOR THE LAUNCH OF V2 ROCKETS. IT WAS LATER USED BY AMERICAN SCIENTISTS IN THE ATOMIC BOMB TESTING.

3. CCTV APPLICATIONS CRIME MANAGEMENT CCTV SURVEILLANCE HELPS DETER POTENTIAL THIEVES. WHEN A CRIME OCCURS, VIDEO FOOTAGE CAN AID LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THEIR INVESTIGATION AND ULTIMATELY SERVE AS EVIDENCE IN COURT. AUDIO, THERMAL, AND OTHER TYPES OF SENSORS, WHEN USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH CCTV, CAN NOTIFY OFFICIALS TO UNUSUAL EVENTS, SUCH AS A FIRE OR GUNSHOTS AT A PLACE. CCTV CAMERAS IN BUSINESSES CAN IDENTIFY AND MONITOR IN-HOUSE ILLEGAL ACTIVITY. VIDEO SURVEILLANCE MAY BE USED IN PRISONS TO PREVENT DRONES FROM CARRYING DRUGS AND OTHER CONTRABAND TO PRISONERS. SECURITY CAMERAS MAY MONITOR AREAS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO ACCESS, SUCH AS ROOFTOPS.

4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT EMERGENCY SERVICES AND RESCUE WORKERS CAN MONITOR EVENTS USING CCTV CAMERAS TO PROVIDE A "SITUATION" MANAGEMENT TEAMS VIDEO, SUCH AS FROM WITHIN A BURNING BUILDING, A CAVE, OR A HELICOPTER FLYING OVER A SCENE. ANALYSE IN REAL AND TIME TO DISASTER THROUGH

5. CITY AND COMMUNITY STREET MONITORING PEOPLE ARE MONITORED BY CAMERAS AT TRAFFIC SIGNALS AND OTHER LOCATIONS ACROSS CITIES TO COLLECT TRAFFIC DATA AND EVIDENCE OF SPEEDING. SECURITY CAMERAS ARE AMONG THE SENSORY NODES THAT ASSESS THE PICTURES THEY CAPTURE BUT DO NOT BROADCAST OR STORE THEM IN ORDER TO PROTECT PEOPLE'S PRIVACY. IN MOST CASES, JUST A SMALL NUMBER ARE KEPT FOR SENIOR ACADEMICS TO UTILISE IN ORDER TO "CREATE COMPUTER VISION SOFTWARE." PRIVACY EXPERTS HAVE RAISED CONCERNS ABOUT THE PROJECT.

6. MEDICAL MONITORING AND DIAGNOSIS PEOPLE'S THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS ARE EXPRESSED VIA 43 FACIAL MUSCLES. SMART SOFTWARE CAN MORE READILY RECOGNISE CERTAIN EXPRESSIONS, SUCH AS PAIN OR WORRY, IN PHOTOS THAN INDIVIDUALS CAN. PATIENTS – SUCH AS YOUNGSTERS OR THE ELDERLY – CAN ALSO BE MONITORED BY CCTV CAMERAS TO DETECT POSSIBLE MEDICAL EMERGENCIES, SUCH AS A STROKE OR AN EPILEPTIC OR ASTHMA ATTACK.

7. BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH ACCORDING TO CCTV FOOTAGE USED IN SUICIDE STUDY, 83 PERCENT OF PERSONS ATTEMPTING TO JUMP IN FRONT OF A TRAIN SHOWED SPECIFIC BEHAVIOURS. THESE WERE EVALUATED SUBSEQUENTLY USING CCTV VIDEO AND ARE NOW USED TO NOTIFY MONITOR WATCHERS TO POTENTIAL SUICIDES. RESEARCHERS USE SURVEILLANCE NETWORKS TO TRACK CROWD ACTIVITY IN PUBLIC LOCATIONS AND PREVENT ANTI- SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR. SCHOOLS, FOR EXAMPLE, HAVE UTILISED CAMERAS FOR SECURITY AND TO RECORD BULLYING AND PLAYGROUND INCIDENTS ON VIDEO.

8. TYPES OF CCTV SYSTEMS ANALOG TO TRANSMIT CONTINUOUS VIDEO SIGNALS, USE BAYONET NEILL- CONCELMAN (BNC) CONNECTIONS ON COAXIAL CABLES. THEY HAVE A POOR RESOLUTION YET ARE INEXPENSIVE AND EFFECTIVE. IN AN ANALOGUE SYSTEM, THERE ARE MORE PERIPHERALS; FOR EXAMPLE, CONVENTIONAL COAXIAL WIRES SELDOM TRANSPORT AUDIO. EVEN WITH OUTDATED EQUIPMENT, ANALOGUE SIGNALS MAY BE CONVERTED TO DIGITAL, MAKING DIGITAL CONVERSION MORE COST- EFFECTIVE. THE PHOTOS MAY BE SAVED ON A PC OR TAPE RECORDER AND REQUIRE A VIDEO CAPTURE CARD. ANALOG HD IS A STEP UP FROM PREVIOUS SYSTEMS, WITH HIGHER RESOLUTION (1080 PIXELS) AND COMPATIBILITY WITH ANALOGUE CAMERAS AND BNC.

9. DIGITAL AT THE CAMERA LEVEL, DIGITALIZE SIGNALS. THESE SYSTEMS DO NOT REQUIRE A VIDEO CAPTURE CARD BECAUSE PICTURES ARE SAVED DIRECTLY TO A COMPUTER, BUT THEY DO REQUIRE A (RELATIVELY) LARGE AMOUNT OF STORAGE SPACE FOR RECORDINGS, HENCE THEY ARE USUALLY HEAVILY COMPRESSED. NETWORK OR IP THESE SYSTEMS USE A VIDEO SERVER TO FEED FOOTAGE OVER THE INTERNET FROM ANALOGUE OR DIGITAL CAMERAS. THE BENEFITS INCLUDE WIFI AND AUDIO CAPABILITIES, DISTRIBUTED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (DAI) FOR IMAGE ANALYSIS, REMOTE ACCESS, POWER OVER ETHERNET (POE), AND HIGHER RESOLUTION. FURTHERMORE, IP CAMERAS MAY COMBINE MANY CAMERAS INTO A SINGLE UNIT, ALLOWING THEM TO COVER A WIDER AREA THAN MULTIPLE CAMERAS OR CAMERA SYSTEMS COULD.

10. HOW DOES CCTV WORK? ANALOG AND DIGITAL SYSTEMS OPERATE IN VERY DIFFERENT WAYS, YET CURRENT CCTV NETWORKS TRANSFORM ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL USING CONVERSION SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE. RETROFITTING IS THE TERM FOR THIS PROCEDURE. A TYPICAL CCTV SYSTEM INCLUDES: ONE OR MORE CAMERAS (ANALOGUE OR DIGITAL), EACH HAVING AN IMAGE SENSOR-EQUIPPED LENS A RECORDER – EITHER A STANDARD VIDEO TAPE RECORDER FOR ANALOG SYSTEMS, OR A DIRECT VIDEO RECORDER (DVR) OR NETWORK VIDEO RECORDER (NVR) FOR DIGITAL SYSTEMS CABLES – EITHER RJ45 FOR DIGITAL OR COAXIAL FOR ANALOG ONE OR MORE MONITORS TO WHICH THE IMAGES ARE TRANSMITTE

11. THE FUTURE OF CCTV OTHER DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES, ACCORDING TO WESLEY G. SKOGAN, WILL COMPLEMENT CCTV IN THE FUTURE TO PROVIDE A MORE AUTONOMOUS AND PROACTIVE MONITORING APPROACH. FACE RECOGNITION, NETWORKED CAMERAS, INTELLIGENT HARDWARE, LICENCE PLATE SCANNERS, DRONES, POLICE BODY CAMS, AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS ARE AMONG THESE TECHNOLOGIES. THESE TECHNOLOGIES WILL ENHANCE PASSIVE MONITORING, ALLOWING SYSTEMS TO ISSUE ALARMS RATHER THAN HUMANS. MASS MONITORING AND INCREASED SECURITY CAMERA DEPLOYMENT.

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