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上海天文台 张鹏杰

The BigBOSS experiment: a stage IV dark energy project to probe the origin, expansion and structure growth of the universe. 上海天文台 张鹏杰. 提纲. 宇宙学的发现和挑战、第四代暗能量项目 The BigBOSS experiment 仪器 巡天 科学 BigBOSS和中国天文 BigBOSS进展. The dark universe. 重子 物质. 非重子暗物质. 暗能量. 宇宙起源机制 单场暴胀 其他机制?

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上海天文台 张鹏杰

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  1. The BigBOSS experiment: a stage IV dark energy project to probe the origin, expansion and structure growth of the universe 上海天文台 张鹏杰

  2. 提纲 宇宙学的发现和挑战、第四代暗能量项目 The BigBOSS experiment 仪器 巡天 科学 BigBOSS和中国天文 BigBOSS进展

  3. The dark universe 重子 物质 非重子暗物质 暗能量

  4. 宇宙起源机制 • 单场暴胀 • 其他机制? • 高斯?绝热? • 标准模型粒子 • 中微子质量? • 暗物质 • 宇宙学常数 • 动力学暗能量? • 状态方程w • w是否演化? • 量子场论 • 广义相对论 • 广义相对论检验的宇宙学检验

  5. 2003 暗物质 暗能量 宇宙起源 引力 中微子质量

  6. 美国天文十年规划 (astro2010) 宇宙起源 加速膨胀机制 暗物质 中微子

  7. 描述宇宙的物理量和测量方法 功能:暗物质、暗能量、引力、宇宙曲率等 探针:Ia型超新星、重子声波振荡等 功能:暗物质、暗能量、引力、中微子质量等 探针:弱引力透镜、红移畸变等

  8. 暗能量探针和第四代暗能量项目 LSST Euclid KDUST SKA WFIRST SNAP/JDEM/WFIRST KDUST redshift distortion BigBOSS Euclid SKA WFIRST BigBOSS Euclid SKA WFIRST

  9. The BigBOSS experiment • 劳伦斯伯克利实验室发起、主导的第四代暗能量项目 • 已有34个成员单位:Brookhaven National Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, Ewha Womans University, Korea, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, French Participation Group (APC, IAP – Paris; CPPM, CPT, LAP – Marseille; CEA, IRFU – Saclay), Johns Hopkins University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, New York University, The Ohio State University, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Spanish Participation Group (IAA, Granada; IAC, Tenerife; ICC, Barcelona; IFT, Madrid; University of Valencia), United Kingdom Participation Group (Durham University, University of Edinburgh, University College London, University of Portsmouth); University of California, Berkeley; University of California, Santa Cruz/Lick Observatory; University of Kansas, University of Michigan, University of Pittsburgh, University of Science and Technology of China, University of Utah, Yale University • 2009年提出BigBOSS概念;先后获得美国十年天文规划推荐和NOAO认可;2011年获得DOE立项,进入研发阶段;计划2014年建设,2018年开光

  10. 使用已有的Mayall 4米望远镜 Kitt Peak National Observatory telescopes; right: Mayall 4-m telescope; left: Bok 2.3-m (90 in) telescope

  11. 制造/安装BigBOSS光谱仪 3度(直径)视场 5000根光纤,能够同时测量5000条光谱

  12. The BigBOSS experiment • 装备: • 望远镜:美国基特峰国立天文台Mayall 4米望远镜:加入光学改正镜:3度(直径)视场 • 光谱仪:BigBOSS光谱仪,5000根光纤 • 第二代光纤定位系统由科大负责。第一代已装备LAMOST • BigBOSS宇宙学核心项目 • 5年、500夜、14000平方度(35%天区)的光谱红移巡天 • 两千万星系/类星体光谱,精确勾画3维星系分布 • 红移0.6-3.5 (80亿-230亿光年外,60亿-120亿年前) • BigBOSS community science • 星系形成/演化、AGN、近邻星系等

  13. BigBOSS宇宙学巡天区域

  14. BigBOSS源 (~2000万光谱)

  15. BigBOSS主科学探针和主科学目标 BigBOSS whitepaper 探针:重子声波振荡(BAO)+红移畸变(redshift distortion)+星系成团性 科学目标:暗能量、广义相对论的宇宙学检验、暴胀、中微子质量

  16. 重子声波振荡(baryon acoustic oscillation, BAO) 宇宙早期声波传播造成的距离标杆,即声视界。光子-物质退耦后其共动尺度不再变化,因此是一把标准尺。

  17. 重子声波振荡(baryon acoustic oscillation, BAO) 宇宙早期声波传播造成的距离标杆,即声视界。体现在微波背景辐射和星系成团性上 声视界r_s 宇宙微波背景中的重子声波振荡 1999- 星系成团性中的重子声波振荡 (2005-

  18. 重子声波振荡:宇宙标准尺 DETF report Measures not only the distance, but also H(z) key to break the degeneracy between dark energy and curvature

  19. Systematical errors: likely <<1% Seo et al. 2009

  20. BAO in 3D galaxy distribution

  21. BigBOSS BAO distance measurement

  22. BigBOSS dark energy constraints

  23. Dark energy Figure of Merit (FOM)

  24. 探索更多暗能量的演化细节Many orders of magnitude improvement!

  25. Measuring structure growth Existing measurements 从10%的测量精度提高到1% Guzzo et al. 2008

  26. BigBOSS is as good as JDEM/WFIRST to test gravity From Eric Linder's talk

  27. 限制中微子质量和有效类数 中微子质量和数目影响物质(星系)成团性

  28. Primordial non-Gaussianity:probing the origin of the observable universe From Shirley Ho's talk

  29. Synergy with other surveys • +imaging surveys • Allows for accurate photo-z calibration, which is one of the dominant systematical errors in weak lensing surveys (KDUST, LSST) • Testing general relativity (lensing+redshift distortion) (KDUST, LSST) • +CMB (primary, SZ, ISW and CMB lensing) • Search for missing baryons and Hubble scale inhomogeneities (kinetic SZ tomography) • ISW-LSS, CMB lensing-LSS to probe dark energy and gravity

  30. BigBOSS和中国天文 促进中国天文发展 • 首批成员,第一时间(2009年)加入BigBOSS项目 • 关键技术 • 光纤定位系统(关键技术,独此一家,USTC) • 关键科学 • 促进暗能量研究 • 促进广义相对论宇宙学检验 • 促进宇宙起源机制研究 • 促进星系形成的研究 • 与我国的其他宇宙学项目高度互补 • 南极宇宙学项目KDUST • 空间2米巡天望远镜

  31. BigBOSS光纤定位系统 5千根光纤,5千个小马达驱动,迅速定位到目标星系位置 From the talk of Zhai Chao (USTC)

  32. What is a fiber positioner 5000 fiber placed on Φ950mm focal plate, each actuator hold one fiber which can move inside a circle, each nearby circle overlap each other in order to put fibers to everywhere in the focal plate. Two kinds of actuator’s movement Fibers and focal plate From the talk of Zhai Chao (USTC)

  33. Technical status (USTC,4) The precision results of actuators for LAMOST From the talk of Zhai Chao (USTC) Dec. 6, 2011 Jerry Edelstein Talk B2.3 Fiber System

  34. Technical status (USTC,5) 1pixel=219 mirco The precision results of actuators for BigBOSS (Central axis) From the talk of Zhai Chao (USTC)

  35. BigBOSS和中国天文学 • 暗能量领域 • 暗能量模型 • 暗能量参数拟合 • 暗物质-暗能量相互作用 • 见张新民研究员此前的报告 • 广义相对论的宇宙学检验 • 原初非高斯性、Inflation/宇宙起源机制 • 中微子质量 • 其他宇宙学研究 • kSZ tomography, cosmic magnification, missing baryon, etc. • 星系形成和演化

  36. MG parameterizations: e.g. Linder 2005, 2009 Uzan 2006 Amendola et al. 2007 Caldwell et al. 2007 Hu & Sawicki 2007 ZPJ et al. 2007 Bertschinger& Zukin. 2008 Jain & ZPJ 2008 Skordis 2008 Imprints of gravity in the LSS X X equivalent

  37. 广相宇宙学检验:EG方法 (ZPJ et al. 2007, PRL) 提出了检验广义相对论的EG方法 通过弱引力透镜测量 • 消除了星系偏袒因子的影响 • 消除了初始扰动的影响 • 直接测量物质弯曲时空的能力,不依赖于具体引力模型或暗能量模型 通过红移畸变测量 • 第四代项目展望: • 在百亿年的时间尺度和千万-十亿光年尺度上测准EG到1%的精度 • 1%精度的广义相对论宇宙学检验 • 能够区分开目前流行的四种引力模型 37

  38. The first E_G measurement using SDSS LRGs: confirmed GR at ~10-40 Mpc/h scales 第四代暗能量项目例如BigBOSS将显著提高E_G 测量精度,并扩大测量的时间和空间跨度 Reyes et al. 2010 38

  39. 在宇宙学尺度上检验泊松方程,测量等效牛顿常数,从而检验广义相对论在宇宙学尺度上检验泊松方程,测量等效牛顿常数,从而检验广义相对论 BigBOSS-N+Planck forecast

  40. 在宇宙学尺度上测量后牛顿参数η≡-Φ/Ψ BigBOSS-N+Planck forecast • BigBOSS 红移畸变+Planck CMB lensing,在宇宙学尺度上测量后牛顿参数η≡-Φ/Ψ • Lensing: Φ-Ψ; Peculiar velocity: Ψ • ZPJ et al. 2008

  41. 系统误差! 系统误差是精密宇宙学时代的主要挑战! 主要宇宙学探针(BAO除外)均存在不可忽略的系统误差 SN Ia Weak lensing Cluster abundance Redshift distortion 如何修正这些系统误差是宇宙学主要挑战和主要任务之一 Teppei and Jing, 2011 41

  42. BigBOSS community science

  43. BigBOSS community science

  44. BigBOSS时间表 • April 2009 – BigBOSS white paper, http://arxiv.org/abs/0904.0468, submitted to decadal survey. • June 2009 – BigBOSS RFP response to Astro2010 Decadal Survey submitted, and committee oral presentation. • July 2009 – BigBOSS presentation to the Particle Astrophysics Scientific Assessment Group (PASAG). • Oct 2009 – The Particle Astrophysics Scientific Assessment Group (a subpanel of the NSF/DOE HEPAP Federal Advisory Committee) states: “Substantial immediate support is recommended for BigBOSS R&D”. http://www.er.doe.gov/hep/files/pdfs/PASAG_Report.pdf • Nov 2009 – First BigBOSS collaboration meeting. • Dec 2009 – NOAO Call for proposals for Large Science Programs, http://www.noao.edu/kpno/largescience.html. • March 2010 – Letter of Intent Submitted to NOAO. • Sept 2010 – Astro2010 Decadal Survey Panel Report on Optical and Infrared Astronomy from the Ground identifies massively multiplexed spectroscopy as an essential capability. • Sept 2010 – Astro2010 Decadal Survey NWNH report http://sites.nationalacademies.org/bpa/BPA_049810 calls BigBOSS a “compelling” medium-scale project. “The Program Prioritization Panels recommended very highly a subset of these…” where BigBOSS is 1 of the 4 such recommendations in the $40M to $120M range. • Oct 2010 – The full 280 page BigBOSS proposal http://bigboss.lbl.gov/docs/BigBOSS_NOAO_public.pdf was submitted by a large international team that is led by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and includes 16 US institutions (universities and national laboratories) as well as international partners. • Nov 2010 – NOAO convenes external non-advocate review (Schmidt committee) of BigBOSS. • Dec 2010 – Strong scientific endorsement of BigBOSS from the Schmidt committee. Endorses collaboration between NOAO and BigBOSS to bring BigBOSS to fruition. • Feb 2011 - Second BigBOSS collaboration meeting. • Sept 2011 - Third BigBOSS collaboration meeting held in conjunction with a BigBOSS community workshop. • Dec 2011 - BigBOSS DOE R&D Review. Received a strong endorsement in the review report, BigBOSS DOE Review Report December 2011 • Expected: construction, 2014; first light, 2018

  45. The BigBOSS experiment • 第四代重子声波振荡(BAO)暗能量项目 • LBL发起、主导 • 我国是首批成员,掌握核心技术和重要科学 • 高性能 (与其他第四代暗能量项目相匹敌) • 暗能量:FOM=544 (O(1%)) in w_0 and O(10%) in w_a) • 引力、中微子、宇宙起源、星系形成与演化等 • 低造价 • ~五千万美元,仅相当于其他第四代暗能量项目的一小部分 • 低风险 • 成功运行的望远镜(Mayall 4米) • 光学改正镜:低风险(类似改正镜已应用在Blanco 4米镜上) • 光谱仪:低风险 (类似光谱仪已应用到VLT上) • 光纤定位系统:低风险(科大,第一代已成功应用到LAMOST) • 数据处理:低风险(有BOSS的丰富经验) • BAO系统误差:可控,低风险 • 已进入DOE资助的研发阶段 • 计划2014年建设,2018年初光

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