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淡水养殖学(双语) Freshwater Aquaculture

淡水养殖学(双语) Freshwater Aquaculture. Chapter 1. The biology of main cultured fishes 主要养殖鱼类生物学. Standard of choosing cultured fishes. 1. 2. 3. 4. The main cultured fish species in China. A brief introduction on the biology of main cultured fishes. Course Outline.

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淡水养殖学(双语) Freshwater Aquaculture

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  1. 淡水养殖学(双语)Freshwater Aquaculture Chapter 1 The biology of main cultured fishes主要养殖鱼类生物学

  2. Standard of choosing cultured fishes 1 2 3 4 The main cultured fish species in China A brief introduction on the biology of main cultured fishes Course Outline The biological characteristics of fish

  3. When you have completed this chapter you should be able to know: Learning Objectives • The biology of main freshwater cultured fish: Habitat Feeding habits Growth Reproduction

  4. Section 1. Standard of choosing cultured fishes 1. Market—highprice(鳜、大菱鲆、石斑鱼),highdemand (家鱼); 2. Quality—deliciousmeat, high nutritional value; 3. Growth—individual big, grow quickly andreach market size in a short time(鳜、罗非鱼); 4. Food chain—short, high energy utilization(鲢、 草鱼); 5. Feeding habit—extensive, feed easier to besolved(草鱼、团头鲂、鲢、鲤、鲫);

  5. 6. Fingerlings—breeding easily, artificial reproduction be solved(如家鱼;而鳗鲡至今未解决,黄鳝、石斑鱼大批量繁殖困难) 7. Habitus—good adaptability to the environment(stress tolerance, resistance todisease)(家鱼;而虹鳟、鳜、牙鲆要求高) 8. Population—densepolyculture,industrial culture (如家鱼等混养,有互补作用,生态效益高) 我国被选择作为养殖鱼类已达80多种,但真正被广泛养殖的仅20多种。

  6. Carps 鲤形目: black carp 青鱼 grass carp 草鱼 silver carp鲢 bighead carp鳙 commoncarp鲤 crucian carp鲫 white bream 鳊 Wuchang bream团头鲂 bluntnose black bream Section 2The main cultured fish species in China Freshwater food-fish fishes

  7. black carp 青鱼 Mylopharyngodon piceus grass carp 草鱼 Ctenopharyngodon idella

  8. silver carp 鲢 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix bighead carp 鳙 Aristichthys nobilis

  9. common carp 鲤 Cyprinus carpio cruciancarp 鲫 Lamellibranchia Caenagrion

  10. Wuchang bream 团头鲂 Triangular bream 三角鲂

  11. Catfishes 鲶形目: Southern catfish 南方大口鲶 Freshwater fishes-Continued

  12. whitespotted freshwater catfish 胡子鲇

  13. channel catfish 斑点叉尾鮰(沟鲶)

  14. Yellow catfish 黄颡鱼

  15. Perciforms 鲈形目: mandarin fish 鳜 Freshwater fishes-Continued

  16. Perch 鲈 加州鲈

  17. Tilapia 罗非鱼

  18. Sturgeons 鲟形目: Chinese sturgeon 中华鲟 Freshwater fishes-Continued

  19. Salmoniformes鲑形目: Rainbow trout 虹鳟 Freshwater fishes-Continued

  20. Other fish species Chinese snakehead 乌鳢

  21. Swamp eel 黄鳝 true eel 鳗鲡

  22. The internal structure of fish Section 3 The biological characteristics of fish 3.1 Physiological characteristics Fish is lower vertebrates

  23. 3.1.1 Physiological characteristics---Mouth 闭合后上下颌的长短,将口位分为三种类型: terminal mouth superior mouth hypostatic mouth 端位口 上位口 下位口 中下层 grass carp 上层 silver carp 下层 common carp

  24. ×4 ×8 3.1.2Physiological characteristics ---Gill 鳃弓 (gill filaments):白色软骨,支撑鳃的形状 鳃耙 (gill rakers):鳃片内缘的双层骨质突起,滤水 鳃丝 (gill filaments):弓形,双层红色,呼吸作用

  25. 鳃耙越长 小食物 浮游生物 不耐缺氧 gill rakers 鳃耙 滤取食物的主要器官,阻挡食物随水流经鳃裂流出。 长短疏密因鱼种和食性而异。

  26. The difference of digestive system of a fish species depends on what it eats. 3.1.3 Physiological characteristics--- Digestion system and ingestion Fish digestive system includes mouth, gill rakers, throat, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas. • Fish that eat plants and algae have longer digestive tracts (gut or intestine) —Tilapia, grass carp • Fish that eat other fish have a short digestive tract Predatory fish have stomachs— tigerfish, mandarin fish or catfish

  27. 3.2 Biology on fish • Habituating nature 栖息习性 • Feeding habit 食性 • Growth 生长 • Reproduction 繁殖

  28. Habitat of main cultured fishes 栖息场所 3.2.1 Biology--- Habituating nature Pelagical fish (中上层鱼类):鲢、鳙, mainly eat plankton浮游生物 Low level fish (中下层鱼类):草鱼、团头鲂,在水的中下层及岸边摄食水草water plants Bottom level fish (底层鱼类):鲤、鲫、鲮、乌鳢、黄鳝、泥鳅等,eat benthonic organisms底栖生物 and detritus腐屑

  29. The adaptability of fish to the external environment 鱼类对外界环境的适应 Optimum temp 1. Water temperature水温 Tropical fish (热带鱼):Tilapia >30℃ Warmwater (温水性) fish: freshwater cultured fish 30℃ Coolwater (冷温性) fish: perch 20℃ Coldwater (冷水性) fish: rainbow trout <20℃

  30. Water temperature for warmwater fish Temp for live: 0.5~38℃ Optimum temp for live: 20~32℃ Optimum temp for growth and ingestion: 25~32℃ Optimum temp for reproduction: 22~26℃ Water temperature for coldwater fish Temp for live: 0~25℃ Optimum temp for live: 10~16℃ Optimum temp for growth and ingestion: 16~18℃

  31. 2. Dissolved oxygen溶解氧 >5 mg/L, feeding increase, grow fast <2-3 mg/L, feeding decrease,grow slowly <1-2 mg/L, head above water 浮头until death. 3. Salinity 盐度 Freshwater fish:<0.5‰;brackish water fish微咸水鱼类:1~24.7‰;Marine fish:>24.7‰ 4. pH 酸碱度 主要养殖鱼类7~9,最适7.5~8.5

  32. 内源营养 混合营养 外源营养 3.2.2 Biology--- Feeding habits of fish 食性(feeding habits)指成鱼的食物组成。 Three Features of feeding habits: • Periodicity阶段性 The changing process of feeding habits in developmental stage of fish : • larvae stage (鱼苗) similar 以轮虫为食 • fry stage(仔鱼0.5-1.7cm) differentiated • juvenile stage (稚鱼1.7-7cm) significant difference • Young stage(幼鱼>7cm) same to adult fish

  33. Difference差异性 Four basic eating groups among adult fish: • 1.filter-feeding fish (滤食性鱼类):鲢、鳙等。 • having abig mouth,slender and densegill rakers • Sliver carp eats phytoplankton(浮游植物) • Bighead carp feeds on zooplankton(浮游动物) 2. Herbivorous fish (草食性鱼类):如草鱼、团头鲂、长春鳊等。 eats water vegetation

  34. 3. Omnivore fish(杂食性鱼类):鲤、鲫、鲮、罗非鱼等。 • feed mainly on plant material and small insects: • 摄食螺蛳、河蚬、摇蚊幼虫等底栖动物和水生昆虫外,也摄食水草、丝状藻类、水蚤、腐屑等。 • 4. Carnivores (肉食性鱼类) • Predatory fish (掠食性鱼类) that eat other fish: 鳜、乌鳢、鳗鲡、石斑鱼等; • Mild fish (温和性鱼类) that eat invertebrates and small fishes: 青鱼以螺蚬类为食,黄颡鱼、鲇鱼摄食大量水生昆虫、虾类、小杂鱼和其他底栖动物。

  35. Adaptation适应性 • Structure and function • Adaptation to habituating nature and environment • Adaptation to physiological property

  36. 3.2.3 Biology---Reproduction The types of eggs • pelagic eggs 浮性卵 marine fish • demersal eggs 沉性卵 鲑、鳟、罗非鱼、鲀、鮰 • Semi-floating eggs 半浮性卵(漂浮性卵) 四大家鱼、鲮、鳜 • sticky eggs 粘性卵 鲟、鲤、鲫、鳊、鲂、鲴、鳅、鲶

  37. Fertilized eggs usually sink to the bottom or stick to plants or rocks. Properties of eggs • demersal eggs and sticky eggs: • The tilapia eggs hatch in mouth of female fish. • Bitterlings (鰟鲏) eggs hatch in the gills of freshwater mussel (淡水蚌).

  38. Tilapia hatches the fertilized eggs in mouth.

  39. Bitterling spawns in the mussel.

  40. 3.2.4 Biology---Growth characteristics 1. Age determination scale 鳞片 otolith 耳石 vertebra 脊椎骨 宽带或夏轮--春、夏两形成较宽的轮带。 窄带或冬轮--秋后入冬形成较窄的轮带。 年轮growth ring--当年秋冬形成的窄带和次年春夏形成的宽带之间的分界线。

  41. 一冬龄鱼:一个冬天“1” 一龄鱼:第二年的鱼 二夏龄鱼:两个夏天“1+” 年轮数 2. Age 零龄鱼:当年孵出的鱼 “0”

  42. 3. Growth characteristic---periodic 阶段性 before sexual maturity fast→determined by environment and bait after sexual maturity slow→determined by species stopped old period

  43. Growth characteristic---seasonal 季节性 grow faster in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Growth characteristic---regional 区域性 fish in south grow faster than in north, faster in big water than small water. Growth characteristic---sex difference 性别差异 male fish are smaller than female fish. Growth characteristic---inherited 遗传性

  44. 4. Factors affecting fish growth • species • water environment (water temperature, nutrition, pH, dissolved oxygen ) • stocking density • human factors

  45. Section 4.A brief Introduction on the biology of main cultured fishes freshwater fish species 鲢 鳙 草鱼 青鱼 鲤 鲫 团头鲂 罗非鱼 胡子鲶 鳜 Biology of fish morphological feature habituating nature feeding habit growth reproduction introduce

  46. 1.鲢(silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) ⑴特征 别称 白鲢、细甲草鱼,鲢子,古籍称鱮(xù)。 • 胸鳍末端不超过腹鳍基部 • 腹棱从胸鳍基部到肛门 鳃耙更致密,滤水速度较鳙慢 特征 特性 性格活泼,善跳跃,可达水面1米多高,捕捞时加盖网。

  47. ⑵栖息和食性 不耐缺氧 水中溶氧低于0.79 mg/L时→死亡 上层 栖息 食性 浮游生物,主要为浮游植物 浮游植物个数:浮游动物个数=248:1 投饵 池养时,从鱼苗开始投喂人工饲料,可在成鱼阶段吃人工投喂的饲料。

  48. 年 龄 1 2 3 4 5 6 体长cm 29.8 48.2 58.4 66.7 72.9 82.7 体重kg 0.49 2.03 3.50 5.31 7.62 10.72 ⑶ 生长 白鲢食物链短,生长迅速。

  49. ⑷ 繁殖习性 水温: 20℃以上 卵: 漂浮性 时间: 4月下旬~7月上旬 产卵 性成熟 雄鱼比雌鱼早一年 雌鱼:一般4龄,但温度升高,品种退化,可3龄

  50. 2.鳙(bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis ) ⑴特征 别称 花鲢、大头鱼、胖头鱼 特征 胸鳍末端超过腹鳍基部 腹棱从腹鳍基部到肛门 特性 性情温和,行动迟缓,容易捕捞。

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