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Images of migration

Images of migration. Introduction to migration. What is migration? Change of residence; point of origin & destination Migration is difficult to measure Gross migration, Net migration, Rate of migration (by what?) Complicated by undocumented migration. Why do people migrate?.

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Images of migration

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  1. Images of migration

  2. Introduction to migration What is migration? • Change of residence; point of origin & destination • Migration is difficult to measure Gross migration, Net migration, Rate of migration (by what?) • Complicated by undocumented migration

  3. Why do people migrate? • Economic, Political, Social, Environmental causes • Note: is it realistic to distinguish between these causes? • Who are migration “gatekeepers”? … or, Who gets to migrate?

  4. The economic side • Percapita GDP differences, highest to lowest, differ by ~110 times (Luxemburg vs. East Timor) • Intersects with demographic differences: Total Fertility Rate ranges from under 1.0 (Hong Kong) to around 7.5 (Niger)Generally: low fertility in affluent countries, high in poor ones…1950: ¼ of global pop in affluent countries…2050: 1/8 will be in affluent countries • Expectation: migration from less to more developed regions …is that the reality?

  5. Worldwide distribution of child deaths Each dot represents 5000 deaths.7-9

  6. Political causes: refugee movements • Various forms of military action: international wars; civil wars… do we include non-state violence? • Various forms of persecution: typically targeted at defined groups (e.g., religious identity, ethnic ancestry, sexual orientation, political groups)… many questions about what to include on this list.

  7. Environmental causes • Generally not considered in migration theories, or the policy systems of states • But this is certain to increase in significance • E.g., desertification; global sea level rise • Note the importance of “natural” causes (e.g., 2004/5 tsunami) • And also “human” causes (e.g., global warming)

  8. The social side • Social ties can motivate people to migrate (e.g., marriage, adoption, and other forms of family reunification) • Also, social ties shape migration decisions…people go where there are people they know……migration begets migration…e.g., importance of diaspora

  9. Other contributing factors • Advances in communication and transportation technologies: cheaper, faster • Facilitating role of governments (inclusionary and exclusionary policies) • Facilitating role of personal networks • Facilitating role of migration industry…some of which is visible and legal…some of which is invisible and illegal

  10. Classifying migration • All regulatory and legal systems assume that you can distinguish between: • Voluntary vs. involuntary • Trans-national vs. intra-national • Permanent vs. temporary • Documented vs. undocumented • … But, again, is this realistic?

  11. The Canadian case • Background point: who decides? • In-migration: temporary and permanent residents • Temporary: students; workers; asylum claimants • Permanent: landed immigrants • Immigrant systems: (2000 190k; 2002 229k; 2004 236k)refugees 33k; family 62k; economic 134k; other 7k • Sources of immigrants to Canada

  12. Consequences of migration • Receiving areas • Sending areas • Transit areas • Global socio-economic networksThese are largely invisible to nation states • The migration industry • Nearly all societies are multicultural

  13. Questions to think about • Global ethics of migration…who should get to decide? • Rights of migrants…who should define these? • Economic impacts: visible and invisibleNOTE: Metropolis; IASFM: global academic networks studying migration. Also, websites of IOM, UNHCR, UN Population Division, CIC, etc.

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