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Medieval Europe

Explore the tumultuous period of Medieval Europe, from the invasion of the Western Roman Empire to the rise and fall of powerful empires. Discover the disruption of trade, the destruction of economies, the downfall of cities, and the shift of populations from urban to rural areas. Learn about the decline in learning, the loss of common language, and the creation of new dialects. Uncover the order, society, and unwritten laws of the Germanic kingdoms. Witness the conversion of Clovis, the spread of Christianity among the Germans, and the establishment of monasteries. Examine the growing power of the papacy and the emergence of small kingdoms throughout Europe. Witness the battles, conquests, and leadership of Charlemagne. Experience the weakening of power, the rise of Feudalism, and the turmoil caused by invasions from Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims. Explore the major eras of European history and the evolution of England's political system. Uncover the significance of the Battle of Hastings and the impact of Magna Carta. Discover the beginnings of the British Parliament and the decline of cities, trade, and scholarship. Step into the world of medieval manors and feudalism, and understand the harsh life of peasants.

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Medieval Europe

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  1. Medieval Europe

  2. Entering The Middle Ages • Invasion of Western Roman Empire • Results • Disrupts Trade • Economies are destroyed • Downfall of Cities • Populations shift from Urban to Rural • Decline in Learning • Loss of Common Language • Dialects create new languages

  3. Germanic Kingdoms • Order • Family ties and Personal Loyalty • Society • Small Communities • Unwritten laws and traditions • Chiefs • Band of Warriors • Allegiance • Rewarding Leaders • Honor / Disgrace

  4. Clovis • Leader of the Franks in Gaul • Converts to Christianity • He and warriors are baptized after major battle • 511 A.D. Clovis unites all Franks • Unites Frankish Kingdom unite with the Church • Significance?

  5. Germans and Christianity • Germans spread the Faith • Conversions • Missionaries • Fear of Muslims in S. Europe • Monasteries and Converts • Monks – Male • Nuns – Female • Devote lives to prayer and good works • Best educated communities • Open schools, maintain libraries, copy books • Illuminated manuscripts

  6. Papal Power • Pope Gregory I / Gregory the Great • Broadens the power of the papacy • becomes secular • Church becomes involved in politics • Church responsible for lands of Western Europe

  7. A Growing Empire • Small Kingdoms emerge throughout Europe • Major Domo • Mayor of the Palace • More powerful than the king • Powers: • Official – in charge of Royal household and estates • Unofficial – leader of Army

  8. Hammer’s Time • Charles Martel • Battle of Tours • Defeats Muslim Raiders • Significance? • Extends Empire • Passes power to son, Pepin the Short • Pepin • Anointed by Pope, “King by Grace of God” • Begins Carolingian Dynasty

  9. Charlemagne (771 A.D.) • Conquers lands to South and East • Spreads Christianity • Named as Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 A.D. • “Roman Emperor” • Joins Germanic Power, the Church, and Roman Legacy

  10. Charlemagne’s Leadership • Strengthens Royal Power • Limits Authority of Nobles • Ensures landholders govern justly • Pushes education • Surrounds himself with scholars

  11. Weakening Power • Death of Charlemagne (814) • C’s Son, Louis is very ineffective • Louis’ sons divide empire • Power and central authority are lost • Results in Feudalism

  12. European Turmoil • Vikings • Raid settlements in N. Europe • Magyars • Raid villages and monasteries in the East • Muslims • Invade Italy and Spain • Outcome? • Invasions cause disorder and suffering • Kings cannot protect the people • Local rulers with armies gain strength

  13. Major Eras of European History • Classical Era (Greece and Rome) 500 B.C.- 600 A.D. • Middle Ages (time of knights and castles) 500 A.D. – 1500 A.D. • Early Modern Era (time of powerful kings and exploration) 1500 A.D. – 1776 A.D.

  14. The Middle Ages were a dangerous time in Europe • The strong empires of Rome and Greece that protected trade routes and encouraged science and personal liberties were fading away. • The Roman empire not only had to fight the plague but fight invaders from Europe and Asia.

  15. Genghis KahnMongolian warrior

  16. Vikings!

  17. Battle of Hastings • In 1066, England was invaded by Normans (Vikings from modern-day France) and conquered all of England

  18. William of Normandy helped create England and codified feudalism (gave it the force of law).

  19. Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.

  20. Magna Carta, 1215 • King John I • Runnymeade • “Great Charter” • monarchs were not above the law. • kings had to consult a council of advisors. • kings could not tax arbitrarily.

  21. The Beginnings of the British Parliament • Great Council: • middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. • eventually called Parliament. • by 1400, two chambers evolved: • House of Lords  nobles & clergy. • House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

  22. No more large cities, trade, scholarship. • With all the disease, riots, outside attacks and starvation people fled the cities of the once strong Roman empire. In Europe, people now lived on manors, self-sufficient communities consisting of a castle, church, village and surrounding farmlands.

  23. Medieval Manor • The Lord’s Estate • “self-contained world” • Completely self-sufficient • Harsh Life for Peasants • Taxed for everything (paid Lord) • Tithe (10%) to church • Crammed living Quarters • Life Expectancy = 35 • Diseases were rampant • Malnutrition • Many children do not survive to adulthood

  24. Feudalism (political system) • The kings had lots of land; he gave land to lords in exchange for protection and $. • Lords gave their land to knights in exchange for protection, $. • Knights let serfs work the land and he would protect them. • Serfs / Peasants received food and shelter. • Each person had rights and responsibilities

  25. Feudalism • Based on rights and obligations • Lords • Vassals • Fief • Serfs • Feudal Structure • Social Classes • “Those who fight, those who pray, and those who work.”

  26. Culture • Epics and Romances • Beowulf • Song of Roland • Troubadours • Love • Heroism of Knights • Define qualities of chivalry • Vernacular • Increases literacy • Dante • Chaucer • Art • Gothic Architecture • Illuminated Manuscript

  27. Chivalry- code of honor

  28. Crusades • Pope Urban wanted to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims. • Christian Knights were promised land, riches, and reward of heaven for service. • Christians Win, then Muslims Win, Draw… • 3 Major Crusades, followed by minor crusades…

  29. Why was Constantinople so important geographically?

  30. Crusades • 1095 • Pope Urban II • Christianity Unifies European Kingdoms • Jerusalem • Holy Land for 3 religions • Adventure and wealth

  31. Crusades, cont’d. • 1099 • Jerusalem falls to the Christians • Significance? • Legacy?

  32. Crusades, cont’d. • Crusade II • Seljuks reconquer much of Palestine • Crusade III • Saladin • Unifies all Muslims • Captures Jerusalem (1187) • Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) • No clear winner

  33. When the Crusades arrived in Northern Turkey, the carnage began. The town of Lycea was captured and looted. Reports told of babies cut to pieces. Old people were subjected to every kind of torture. Unfortunately, most of the inhabitants of Lycea were actually Christians…

  34. Impact of the Crusades • Persecution of Jews and Muslims • Economic development via trade • Kings and popes, gained power as a result.

  35. The Black Death

  36. The Culprits

  37. The Famine of 1315-1317 • By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate. • A population crisis developed. • Climate changes in Europe produced three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain. • As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died. • One consequence ofstarvation & povertywas susceptibility todisease.

  38. 1347: Plague Reaches Constantinople!

  39. The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemic Form:almost 100% mortality rate.

  40. Lancing a Buboe

  41. The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

  42. Medieval Art & the Plague

  43. Medieval Art & the Plague Bring out your dead!

  44. Medieval Art & the Plague An obsession with death.

  45. Boccaccio in The Decameron The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors.

  46. The Danse Macabre

  47. Attempts to Stop the Plague “Leeching” A Doctor’s Robe

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