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Factors Affecting Degradation of Water Resources in Republic of Macedonia

University "Ss Cyril and Methodius"- Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Factors Affecting Degradation of Water Resources in Republic of Macedonia. Katerina Donevska [1]. [1] Assistant Professor ,

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Factors Affecting Degradation of Water Resources in Republic of Macedonia

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  1. University "Ss Cyril and Methodius"- Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Factors Affecting Degradation of Water Resources in Republic of Macedonia Katerina Donevska [1] [1]Assistant Professor, PhD, CEng, University "Ss Cyril and Methodius", Faculty of Civil Engineering - Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, Department of Water Supply, Sewage, Irrigation and Drainage, E-mail: donevska@gf.ukim.edu.mk

  2. INTRODUCTION Water resources degradation takes these forms:                   • depletion of water resources • water pollution Aim of the paper is to develop a better conceptual and practical understanding of factors affecting water resources degradation.  In order to analyse the condition of water resources degradation in Republic of Macedonia, factors affecting water resources, status of water resources and water use have been analysed.

  3. FACTORS AFFECTING WATER RESOURCES Population and urbanization (factor affecting water resources by water abstraction) • number of population • distribution of population(59% of the population live in 29 cities) • density over the territory of the country (76 inhabitants per km2 , 23 settlements with density greater than 1 000 inhabitants per km2) Industry (factor affecting water resources by water abstraction and pollution of water) Industry and mining contribute in creating of the GDP of the national economy with 36%. Agriculture(factor affecting water resources by water abstraction and pollution of water) Contribute in creating of the GDP of the national economy with 10%. Tourism(factor affecting water resources by water abstraction and pollution of water) Tourism participates in creating of the GDP of the national economy with 1.9%.

  4. STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES Water Resources Total water resources of the country are estimated on: • 18.8 x109 m3 from rainfall (with 733 mm average rainfall) • 6.22 x109 m3 discharged from the basins • 0.52 x109 m3 from the groundwater • 0.42 x109 m3 from the largest springs The annual resources per capita are estimated on about 2 600 m3/annum. There are four basins in Macedonia: Vardar, Strumica, Crn Drim and Juzna Morava.

  5. STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES Water Resources Surface inflow waters are rivers: Lepenec, Pcinja and Elaska River Outflow surface waters: Vardar, Strumica, Crn Drim, Cironska and Lebnica 84% of the available water quantities in the country are domicile waters and only 16% are outside waters.

  6. STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES Water Resources Total registered number of springs 4 414. 58 springs have a capacity of over 100 l/s. Three natural lakes in Macedonia: Ohrid, Prespa and Doyran Lake Groundwater resources - there is insufficient data about its availability and quality. Significant water resources from rainfall. The problem with rainfall is the uneven spatial and temporal distribution over the country.

  7. STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES Quality of Water Resources • Natural balance of the rivers is already disturbed due to the pollution with organic matters, heavy metals, pesticides, toxic and organic compounds. • The condition of groundwater quality is not systematically observed (the quality of groundwater is similar to the surface water quality of a certain region). • The water of the springs is of good quality.

  8. - current condition - projection until 2020 - projection after 2020 PRESSURES ON WATER RESOURCES Water Abstraction Irrigation 106 irrigation schemes have been built. (project designed area of 163 693 ha) Constructed in the period between 1958 and 1980. Supplied with water from reservoirs that dominates over the irrigated area. Really irrigated area is less then actual possible area for irrigation. In 1987 total irrigated area was 82 582 ha or 67.5% of the possible area for irrigation. Ratio between irrigated area and area possible for irrigation decreases reaching the minimum of irrigated area of 34 696 ha in 1999. Total irrigation requirements (in an average dry year) for the project designed area are 899.335 x106 m3/annum.

  9. PRESSURES ON WATER RESOURCES Water Abstraction Water supply of population Water supply of population 207.99 x106 m3/annum, tourists 6.258 x106 m3/annum. Water supply of industry 274.147 x106 m3/annum Water for energy production On the three basins there are 1 624 MW installed power. Water supply of fisheries 16.68 x106 m3/annum

  10. PRESSURES ON WATER RESOURCES Water Abstraction Current water demands for irrigation, water supply of municipalities and industry, fisheries and biological demands can be met in an average year and in a typical dry year, for exp. with probability of appearance of 25% High water losses • Water supply systems - 10% to 60 % of the water at the intake structures • Irrigation schemes (except the irrigation scheme Strezevo) show water losses between 20% and 40 % of the water at the intake structures

  11. PRESSURES ON WATER RESOURCES Climate changes Macedonia's First National Communication under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Changes (2003): • Certain trend of increasing of annual air temperature has appeared after 1991. • A trend of decreasing of precipitation has been noticed especially from 1984. • For the observed period of forty years the average discharges have decreased from 10% to 20%.

  12. PRESSURES ON WATER RESOURCES Climate changes Extreme hydrological events (drought and floods) are main factors for water resources degradation. Drought has direct harmful effects on: • Water resources (discharges under the annual averages at almost every river, lowering of water level into lakes, ground water resources) • Water use (difficulties in water supply of all users) • Quality on water resources (low discharges influence on decreasing of river capability for waste water receiving and transport).

  13. CONCLUSIONS • The Republic of Macedonia is not rich country concerning the surface and ground water resources • Current water demands for irrigation, water supply of municipalities and industry, fisheries and biological demands can be met in an average year and in a typical dry year, for exp. with probability of appearance of 25%. In the years with less rainfall than the typicaldry year, total water demands for the present moment cannot besatisfied

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