Unit 7 The Progressive Period- Answers

1. Unit 7The Progressive Period- Answers Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.

2. Goal 7: • Objective 7.01: Explain the conditions that led to the rise of Progressivism. • Essential Questions: • • How did the political, economic, and social conditions of the Gilded Age lead to the Progressive Era? • • How did scientific and technological advances create a mass consumer culture? • • To what extent did an emerging mass consumer culture define what it means to be an American? • • What tactics were most effective in bringing about the social, economic, and political reforms of the Progressive Era?

3. The Rise of Progressivism

4. The Need For Reform: • ProgressivePeriod: when government officials and citizens called for reforms in business, politics, and society as a whole • Many reforms came about during this time • Most people were poor while only a small portion of the population enjoyed great wealth • Urban slums grew in cities • Slums often had open sewers that attracted rats, and disease • Slums often had polluted air from coal-fired steam engines and boilers • Why is it important? • These types of conditions led people to call for reforms

5. The Need For Reform: • Working conditions were terrible for immigrants and the poor • 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: when a fire broke out in the factory many of the doors had been locked to prevent employees from taking breaks and stealing- 146 people died • The fire led to demands for better working conditions

6. The Need For Reform: • 1991 Hamlet, North Carolina the Imperial chicken processing plant fire • 25 people died because the doors had been locked to prevent theft and vandalism • The plant had not been properly inspected before the accident • Why is it important? • Shows that today there is still a need to protect workers

7. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

8. Discovery Education Videos: • The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire • Tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire • Worker’s Rights: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

9. Muckrakers: • Muckrakers: journalists that exposed the “muck” in society • Frank Norris: first important naturalist author- inspired other writers to expose abuses in government and big business • Lincoln Steffens: exposed corruption in St. Louis in his novel “The Slave of the Cities” • Ida Tarbell: exposed the abuses in Standard Oil • Upton Sinclair: wrote “The Jungle” in 1906 exposed the truth about the meat packing industry • Helped to create the federal meat inspection program

10. Discovery Education Videos: • Early Industrial America

11. Goal 7: • Objective 7.02: Analyze how different groups of Americans made economic and political gains in the Progressive Period. • Essential Questions: • • How effective was the Progressive Movement in addressing the political, economic, and social needs of all Americans? • • To what extent did progressive political reforms successfully combat the social and economic ills created by a rapidly industrializing • society? • • How successful were the Progressive Era Presidents in leading reform efforts?

12. Discovery Education Videos: • Reform in Meatpacking and For Labor

13. Efforts at Political, Economic, and Social Reform

14. Efforts at Political, Economic, and Social Reform: • In addition to muckrakers many others fought for reforms • Jacob Riis: exposed horrible living conditions in tenements • Jane Addams: opened Hull House- provided help for poor immigrants and workers • Hull House led to an investigation of economic, political, and social conditions in the city of Chicago • Why is it important? • Started the ground work for future reforms and inspired other settlement houses across the country

15. Efforts at Political, Economic, and Social Reform: • The Temperance Movement grew as calls for reforms increased • Carrie Nation: leader of the Temperance Movement- would walk into saloons and smash bottle of liquor with a hatchet while her supporters prayed and sang hymns • 1919 18th Amendment: prohibited the making, selling, or transportation of alcohol • Calledprohibitionbecause it prohibited alcohol

16. Theodore Roosevelt: • Theodore Roosevelt was a Progressive president who called for many reforms • 1902 Anthracite Coal Mine Strike: 150,000 miners went on strike demanding higher pay and shorter work days, and recognition of their union • Mine owners would not negotiate • Roosevelt called both sides to the White House and demanded they work it out- threatened to send in troops • Mine owners agreed to arbitration (third party helper ex. Mr. Colvin) • Why is it important? • Miners got a wage increase • Roosevelt seen as hero • President sided with workers, not owners- change from the past

17. Theodore Roosevelt: • Roosevelt did believe some regulations were needed although he did support big business • Roosevelt was concernedabout trusts and the monopolies they created • 1895 United States v. E.C. Knight Co.- the Supreme Court ruled some monopolies could not be broken up- (sugar) (couldn’t have a monopoly for distribution, but could have monopoly for manufacturing) • President Roosevelt believed manymonopolieswere harmful and worked to stop them

18. Theodore Roosevelt: • Roosevelt put limits on the railroads by pushing for the Elkins Act • Elkins Act: made rebates from railroads to big business illegal • Roosevelt sued the Northern Securities Company and its railroad monopoly in the Pacific Northwest • 1904 Northern Securities v. U.S.- the Supreme Court ruled the company’s existence violated federal law and must be broken up • Roosevelt was admired as a reformer

19. Discovery Education Videos: • President Theodore Roosevelt • Theodore Roosevelt

20. William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, and the Election of 1912: • 1908 Taft became president • Taft supported some Progressive reforms, but not as many as Roosevelt • Mann-Elkins Act: expanded the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate telephone and telegraph rates • Taft brought many anti-trust cases to court • American Tobacco Company (started by James Duke in Durham) controlled 90% of the nation’s cigarette production • American Tobacco v. U.S.- Supreme Court ruled the Dukes had an illegal monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act • American Tobacco Company was forced to break up

21. William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, and the Election of 1912: • Taft was expected to win re-election in 1912 until the Payne-Aldrich Tariff problem • Payne-Aldrich Tariff: was intended to lower tariffs and help people, but when Congress finally passed it they had changed the bill so much that it ended up raising tariffs and hurting consumers • People were furious- even made Taft’s friend Roosevelt mad

22. William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, and the Election of 1912: • Why is it important? • This caused the Republican Party to split into two groups- Republicans and Progressives • Taft won the nomination for the Republicans • Roosevelt won the nomination for the Progressives • Nicknamed Bull Moose Party • Ideas like the Populists of the 1890’s • Wanted better working conditions, government regulation of business, women’s suffrage, end to child labor, direct election of public officials • Problem: Republican vote was divided and neither Taft or Roosevelt got enough votes to win • Wilson became president in 1912

23. William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, and the Election of 1912: • Wilson opposed big business and big government • He enforced antitrust laws without hurting competition • 1913 Federal Reserve Act: established a federal reserve to oversee banking in the U.S. • Gave the federal government greater control over the circulation of money and helped prevent bank failures • 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act: made strikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts legal • Meant employers could no longer use antitrust laws to put down strikes or break up labor unions

24. Constitutional Amendments During the Progressive Period: • 16th Amendment: (1913) Congress could collect income tax • 17th Amendment: (1913) senators elected by people, not state legislatures • 18th Amendment: (1919) prohibited alcohol • 19 Amendment: (1920) women’s suffrage (right to vote)

25. Reforms in State Government: • Progressives in states began to make changes like the ones made on the federal level • Robert La Follette: famous reform governor of Wisconsin • Wisconsin began the direct primary system in their state to elect people to public office • This allowed the people to choose and took power away from Party Bosses • Within 10 years almost every state had adopted the idea • Wisconsin Idea included a merit system for state civil service workers, and state regulations and taxes on railroads

26. Reforms in State Government: • Why is it important? • States began using reforms (ideas from Populists) • States used referendums- citizens can vote directly on government issues • States used initiatives- citizens of a state can force the vote on a specific issue • States used recall- having special elections to remove officials from office • States used secret (Australian) Ballot- people vote secretly so they are not afraid to vote the way they choose

27. Reforms in City Government: • Party Bosses like Boss Tweed made people call for reforms in city government • Cities began to use Commissions: a group of people who run the city government instead of a single mayor or political boss • City Managers are used to oversee the city- are hired, not elected and have to answer to the commission or city council • City Council- group of people who are elected to run the city instead of a single mayor or political boss

28. Goal 7: • Objective 7.03: Evaluate the effects of racial segregation on different regions and segments of the United States’ society. • Essential Questions: • • To what extent were the social, political, and economic standing of African Americans positively affected by progressive efforts? • • What did it mean to be black in America at the turn of the century? • • Why did multiple perspectives develop for addressing racial injustice during the Progressive Era?

29. Racial Segregation During the Progressive Period

30. Disenfranchisement of African Americans: • Disenfranchisement: to deny a group the right to vote • 13th Amendment ended slavery • 14th Amendment defined citizenship and granted equal rights and due process to citizens • 15th Amendment gave all male citizens the right to vote • Even with these changes to our constitution African Americans still faced racism and discrimination

31. Disenfranchisement of African Americans: • To keep power out of the hands of black peoplestates made their own laws to stop black people from voting • Literacy Tests: made people read before they could vote • Poll Taxes: made people pay a fee before they could vote • Grandfather Clause: allowed poor illiterate people to vote if they had a family member who had ever voted before, or if they had fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War

32. Violence and Intimidation: • When literacy tests and poll taxes didn’t’ stop black people from voting racists used violence to scare people • Ku Klux Klan: hate group that used violence to scare black people and other minorities • Hate groups used kidnapping, torture, beatings and lynching to intimidate

33. Lynching

34. The Wilmington Race Riots: • During the late 1800’s African Americans gained political and social power in Wilmington, N.C. • Republicans and Populists had cooperated to stop racists Democrats from taking power • Two important events occurred that caused a riot- a black newspaper editor printed a controversial news article and after an election Democrats won power in the N.C. General Assembly(state Legislative Branch)

35. The Wilmington Race Riots: • Why is it important? • 1898 Wilmington Race Riot started • White Democrats began violent attacks against African Americans • Democrats overthrew the city of Wilmington’s Republican government and replaced it with a Democratic council and mayor • State of North Carolina passed Jim Crow Segregation laws • Wilmington Race Riots are seen as the end of African American rights after Reconstruction

36. Segregation: • Jim Crow Segregation Laws: the legal separation of races • Two Kinds of Segregation: • De jure segregation- based on law • De facto segregation- based on economic or social factors • Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 Homer Plessy was 1/8 black sat in the “Whites Only” train car- he was arrested because he was considered black • Plessy lost in court so he took his case to the Supreme Court stating the segregation law was unconstitutional

37. Segregation: • Why is it important? • The Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation is legal as long as it allows for separate but equal facilities for the races • Known as the “separate but equal” ruling • This allowed separate restaurants, buses, theaters, rest rooms, schools, divisions in the military, hospitals, etc. to be legal • 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas the Supreme Court over turned Plessy and made segregation illegal

38. Segregation: • De facto Segregation- evolves due to economic or social factors • This type of segregation was common in northern cities • Great Migration: when thousands of African Americans left the South and moved North looking for industrial jobs created by World War I • Inner city neighborhoods became divided by poverty, race, and cultural differences

39. Notable African Americans of the Progressive Period: • Booker T. Washington: former slave who began the Tuskegee Institute • Tuskegee was a place where African Americans were trained in a trade so they could earn their own money and escape the oppression of uneducated people • Washington believed if black people did well in their field of expertise that would eventually help all black people been seen as equals and be treated equally • Tuskegee trained people to be farmers, teachers, and blue collar workers • Washington believed segregation was acceptable • Believed we can be separate socially as long as we unite for “mutual progress”

40. Notable African Americans of the Progressive Period: • W.E.B. Du Bois: first black Ph.D. graduate from Harvard University • Disagreed with Washington about segregation • Called Washington’s speech about segregation the Atlanta Compromise because he felt Washington had sold out to try to please white people • Du Bois believed black people should work to gain jobs in white collar fields • Believed black people must be politically, legally, and socially active to gain equality

41. Notable African Americans of the Progressive Period: • Niagara Movement: group organized by Du Bois- goal to outline a plan for African American progress in the United States • 1905 the group had to meet in Canada because they were denied hotel accommodations in the U.S. • 1909 Du Bois help start the NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- goal to devote itself to the progress of the African American community • The Crisis- magazine published by the NAACP

42. Notable African Americans of the Progressive Period: • Ida Wells-Barnett: fought for civil rights guaranteed to Americans in the Constitution • Fought forequalityon railway cars before the Plessy ruling • Fought to end lynching in the South • Fought for women’s right- refused to stand at the back of suffrage parades just because she was black • Helped Du Bois start theNiagara Movement and the NAACP

43. Notable African Americans of the Progressive Period: • Marcus Garvey: encouraged “black pride”- had over 500,000 followers • Known for his “Back to Africa” movement- he advocated for blacks to leave the United States and move to Africa to create a homeland • His ideas began a sense of cultural pride many African Americans had not felt before

44. Native Americans and Citizenship: • Native Americans suffered from discrimination • By 1871 the United Statesno longer recognized Native Americans as members of a distinct tribe or nation • They were not granted the rights of citizenship • 1924 Snyder Act: granted full citizenship rights to native Americans • Also known as the Native American Suffrage Act because the Snyder Act gave Native Americans the right to vote

45. Goal 7: • Objective 7.04: Examine the impact of technological changes on economic, social, and cultural life in the United States. • Essential Questions: • • What was the economic and social impact of the technological changes of the Progressive Era? • • How was American culture redefined during the Progressive Era? • • Does society cause government to change or does government cause society to change?

46. Technological Innovations During the Progressive Period: • The Progressive Period happened at the same time as big business was growing and Industrialization was happening • Many technological advancements happened during this time that changed American culture • Electricity: factories could stay open longer and production increased • Electric Sewing Machine: changed the market for pre-made clothes- more could be produced quicker with less physical energy

47. Technological Innovations During the Progressive Period: • Refrigerator: food could be kept longer without spoiling • Electric Trolleys: people could move through the city faster than walking, could move out of the city and take the trolley into work, less time traveling allowed people more time for entertainment

48. Skyscrapers: • 1850’s Bessemer process made it easier to produce large amounts of steel quickly • As more people moved to cities less and less land was available to use • Steel made it possible to build up instead of out • Skyscrapers: buildings so high they seem to touch the sky

49. Construction Workers Eating Lunch

50. Automobiles and Airplanes: • Henry Ford: first to perfect the car and to successfully market it • 1907- Ford sold 30,000 of the first mass produced car- the Model T • Ford wanted regular people to be able to afford to buy one of his cars • He believed if he could sell enough cars he could charge less for them and make them affordable for people to buy