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Estadísticas de género sobre trabajo remunerado y no remunerado: Los desafíos para la OIT

Estadísticas de género sobre trabajo remunerado y no remunerado: Los desafíos para la OIT. Sophia Lawrence ILO Department of Statistics lawrence@ilo.org. Times have changed…. Pilar P.de Rivera, 1942:

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Estadísticas de género sobre trabajo remunerado y no remunerado: Los desafíos para la OIT

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  1. Estadísticas de género sobre trabajo remunerado y no remunerado:Los desafíos para la OIT Sophia Lawrence ILO Department of Statistics lawrence@ilo.org

  2. Times have changed… • Pilar P.de Rivera, 1942: • “Las mujeres nunca descubren nada; les falta, desde luego, el talento creador, reservado por Dios para inteligencias varoniles...” • Beijing Platform for Action 1995: • “Women contribute to development not only through remunerated work but also through a great deal of unremunerated work.” ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  3. Gender roles change • Sex: BIOLOGICAL differences do not change • Gender: SOCIAL differences do change • GENDER ROLES: roles assigned to men and women in a SOCIETY as « male » and « female » • Specificities of different groups • Dominant cultures, minorities, indigenous, racial, etc. ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  4. Meaningful labour statistics • Should reflect current reality • In practice, they simplify it • Objectives, measurement methods • They identify core situations, results in: • Partial coverage • Insufficient detail • Incomplete analytical topics ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

  5. An Indicator only shows partial realityMDG Indicator 3.2Share of women’s wage employment, non-agricultural sector 1990 2000 2007 2015 • CIS (Europe) 50.3 51.2 52.1 53.2 • CIS (Asia) 45.4 45.5 46.2 47.2 • Developed 43.4 45.4 46.5 48.1 • Latin America & Caribbean 36.5 40.7 42.7 45.5 • Eastern Asia 38.0 39.6 41.3 43.7 • Oceania 32.8 35.1 35.8 36.8 • South-East Asia 35.6 37.4 37.4 37.4 • Sub-Saharan Africa 22.8 26.2 28.9 32.7 • Southern Asia 13.4 17.2 18.8 21.0 • Western Asia 17.3 19.6 21.2 23.6 • Northern Africa 21.0 19.8 20.4 21.2 • World35.3 37.6 39.0 40.8

  6. 2008 Women 34 2 34 30 41 3 43 13 Men 1997 Women 27 1 29 43 Men 35 3 45 17 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Wage and salaried workers Employers Own-account workers Contributing family workers Status in employment reality Distribution of total employment by status in employment, developing regions 1997 and 2008, by sex (Percentage)

  7. Fully “engendered” labour statistics • International Conference of Labour Statisticians, 2003: • Checklist of good practices for mainstreaming gender in labour statistics • Aims to address gender concerns, to better understand how men and women contribute to labour market functioning ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  8. Gender analysis for labour statistics ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  9. Important gender role of men, boys • Socialization and education process related to: • The workplace and the economy • Household (domestic) work and work/life balance • Sexuality, health, HIV/AIDS • Gender-based violence • Masculinities • Male attitudes, aspirations, anxieties ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  10. Gender justiceIntrinsic and instrumental value Increased gender justice in households, labour markets, society Men co-responsible for household tasks, women have better access to markets Mothers’ greater control over decision-making in households, Fathers‘ greater share in family life Women have better education and health Increased women’s labor force participation, productivity and earnings Improved children’s, elder’s and other dependents’ well-being Better family health, educational attainment; greater adult productivity Income / consumption expenditure Differential savings rate Current poverty reduction and economic growth Future poverty reduction and economic growth

  11. 18th ICLS: Important breakthrough for gender and labour statistics* • New international standards of Working Time and of Child Labour (2008) • Recommends SNA recognize that, to portray the world of work adequately: • All paid and unpaid work activities, and the relationships between them, need to be acknowledged, quantified and understood *International Labour Conference, 98th Session, 2009 ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  12. SNA scope of new standards • PRINCIPLE of “production of all goods and services” time spent and performed by all, young and old • Within SNA Production boundary • Employment, labour input for national production accounts, GDP measures • Beyond SNA General Production boundary • Enlarged measures, in “unpaid household service + volunteer work”

  13. ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

  14. Measurement of Working Time Resolution Context: • Where --> location – lab., office, shop, home; fields, street, construction site • With whom --> co-workers, family members, dependents… • For what purpose --> pay, self, family, fun ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  15. Hours actually workedKey Concept: • Time spent on tasks + duties necessary to enable, facilitate or enhance productive activity of a job • Waiting, standing-by, transporting goods and household members • Short rest breaks (not lunch) • Work at home, attending meetings, travel for work • Professional training for economic unit

  16. Concept also defines • Hours actually worked in “Unpaid household service and volunteer work” • Typical productive activities: • Household accounts, management • Prepare meals, Care for household members • Maintain house, grounds, clothes, equipment • Purchase or transport goods or persons • Travelling, waiting for persons in one’s charge • Training for household jobs ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

  17. ”Unpaid vs Paid Work” • Clarify the terms • Unpaid work as “contributing family member” in family enterprise (E) • Unpaid subsistence production in rural areas (E or I) • Unpaid care work within the family (I) • Unpaid work with the public health-care sector (I), etc. ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  18. Paid work - optimistic view Procures: • Own resources • Increased autonomy • Bargaining power... But most jobs created are not: • Secure • Casual, temporary, contract or precarious work • Seasonal migrants, home workers, etc. ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  19. Allocation of time, not money • In the household as women’s market working time increases • Non-market work has not declined commensurately • Participation in paid employment is purchased often at the expense of: • time once devoted to personal care, sleep, leisure • Many women work ‘‘second shift’’ or ‘‘double day’’ ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  20. Challenges go beyond paid/unpaid • Existing gender inequalities repeated, reinforced • Women’s paid jobs concentrated: • in lower segments of supply chains • Global production systems in current financial downturn • Must demonstrate significance of gender justice for economic + social development ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  21. Future work • Working to identify how to incorporate employment and unpaid household service work and volunteer work in: • Statistical measurements • Indicators • Economic modelling • Impact assessment tools, etc ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  22. ILO decent work concept • Encompasses all forms of work, all who perform work: • Young and old, women and men • Work includes unpaid work in the family and in the community • Economic productivity is subsidized by social productivity • Unpaid (mainly) female household service work, done often alongside paid work ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  23. Many dimensions of decent work A. Employment Opportunities B. Adequate Earnings, Productive Work C. Decent Working Time • D. Work that should be Abolished • E. Work Stability and Security • F. Equal Opportunity and Treatment in All Work G. Social Security H. Social Dialogue, Worker-Employer Representation I. Economic and social context ILO Department of Statistics, Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009

  24. NewChallenges: work statistics • Measurement of total « WORK » • Need to go beyond current concepts applied in labour statistics • Provide a fully engendered perspective • Enable us to fully describe and analyze total social production http://laborsta.ilo.org Muchas gracias ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

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