The Cold War

1. The Cold War Origins of the Cold War The Cold War Heats Up The Korean War The Continuing Cold War The Vietnam War

2. Martin Luther King Jr. Day • Why celebrate the life of Dr. King • Civil Rights Movement leader • Followed the teachings of Gandhi • Civil Disobedience – breaking an unjust law on purpose to challenge it in court • Passive Resistance • Non-Violence • Other Civil Rights leaders • Malcolm X • Black Panther Party

3. The Cold War • What is the COLD WAR?? • The Cold War was a decades-long struggle for global supremacy that pitted the capitalist United States against the communist Soviet Union. • The US believed the USSR was intending to spread communism across the globe.

4. Origins of the Cold War • 1945 – A Critical Year (wartime cooperation was temporary) • History of Bad Blood • 1917 Revolution – US backed “white russians” • US refused to recognize USSR until 1933 • Allies did not attack Europe while Russia was being attacked • Differences at Yalta • Big 3 (Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt) • Agreed to divide Germany into 4 sections • US/USSR agreed USSR would join war with Japan • USSR agreed to allow Poles to elect government (later refused) • USSR wanted Germany to pay $20 million, US rejected • The United Nations (Big 3 agreed to create) • 50 Nations met in S.F. to create charter • Members would agree to settle disputes peacefully • General Assembly (all), Security Council (5 permanent, 6 other)

5. Key Events • Yalta Conference • How to “make the peace” in German • Split Germany into 4 occupational zones • Creation of the United Nations • A world organization to keep the peace • 5 member permanent council • Truman becomes US president • Very different politician with no relationship between him and Stalin • Potsdam Conference • Truman replaced FDR and Clemmons replaced Churchill – Stalin only one of BIG 3 left • Truman informs USSR of BIG WEAPON to intimidate Stalin

6. Origins of the Cold War • Truman Takes Command • FDR died on April 12, 1945 • Harry S Truman became President (after only being VP for 2 weeks) • Truman seemed willing to compromise with USSR, later will change • The Potsdam Conference • Truman, Stalin and Attlee • Stalin insisted on war payments, Truman insisted on elections in Poland • Truman shared “weapon of extraordinary force” with Stalin • Stalin (who already know about bomb) “put it to good use”

7. Origins of the Cold War • Conflicting Postwar Goals • American View • Fought to bring DEMOCRACY and ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY to Europe and Asia • Economically strong nations don’t feel the need to attack others • Stop communism from spreading • Soviet View • Create a BUFFER ZONE between Europe and USSR • Satellite Nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania • Spread COMMUNIST DOCTRINE around world

8. Origins of the Cold War • Soviets Tighten Their Hold • Albania & Bulgaria: Secured under communist control by 1948 • Czechoslovakia: Lost free election but took control by 1948 • Hungary & Romania: Lost election but took control by 1947 • East Germany: Stalin determined to NEVER let Germany attack again. Established Communist East Germany by 1949 • Finland: Signed a treaty to remain neutral • Yugoslavia: Tito (independent communist) would control for 30 years

9. Origins of the Cold War • The Iron Curtain • In a Speech by Stalin in 1946, he predicted triumph of communism over capitalism. He encouraged all communists to spread their system. • In a speech by Churchill, he warned of an “IRON CURTAIN” being dropped on Europe and urged America to help stop any other nations from being caught behind the curtain

10. Origins of the Cold War • Containment • Kennan pointed out that the Soviets had no interest in peacefully coexisting • US policy towards the Soviet Union would become to CONTAIN their expansion (not defeating them) • Eastern Europe already lost, but the US would attempt any other countries from turning to communism • Critics: TOO STRONG & TOO WEAK • The Truman Doctrine (youtube – truman doctrine) • 1945 Turkey • GB pulling out (suggested US take over), Soviets targeted parts of Turkey • US offered Greece and Turkey aid (financial and military if necessary) • Truman spoke before Congress and announced the TRUMAN DOCTRINE • US must play a leadership role • Support free peoples who are resisting subjugation • $400 million in aid offered to Turkey and Greece

11. The Cold War Heats Up • Lessons were learned from the end of WWI • The Marshall Plan • Help to war-torn Europe after the war • 21 million homeless, 20% homes destroyed (Fr, Poland) • Infrastructure in ruins • THE PLAN • Nations draw up economic plan which guaranteed free elections • US would provide financial aid (would create strong nations as allies and trading partners) • Hopefully would block influence by Communists • 17 nations participate, US allocates $13 Billion • Region rebuilds and US gained allies and trading partners • USSR – US trying to buy its way into European affairs - did not participate and didn’t let satellites either

12. The Cold War Heats Up • The Berlin Airlift (1st Challenge of the Cold War) • Capitalist West Berlin was a huge attraction to German people • Hundreds of thousands fled to Berlin (and escape to western europe • Stalin moved to close off route to the west by blockading W. Berlin • Truman did not want war, but refused to surrender West Berlin and the German people there • 15 months, US and GB airforces flew in supplies (food & fuel) • 13,000 tons of goods arrived daily (26 million pounds) • Soviets gave up blockade, seen as a victory for the West • NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • United Nations looked to after the war to keep the peace • USSR’s use of its veto power prevented it from being successful • NATO formed by Western European nations and the US and Canada • Collective Security • WARSAW PACT: (USSR’s answer to NATO) • Formed by USSR and satellite nations • Defense compact against western aggression

13. The Cold War Heats Up • Communist Advances • The Soviet Atomic Threat • 1949 – USSR tested an Atomic Bomb (way earlier than thought) • Spies stole nuclear secrets • Truman pushed to maintain superiority (hydrogen bomb) • Arms Race begins • Federal Civil Defense Admin flooded country with posters about surviving a nuclear attack • China Falls to the Communists • 1949 Mao Zedong battle for and gained control of China • from Chiang Kai Shek • Fled to Taiwan, set up the Republic of China (which the US recognized) • Set up a communist government (not united with USSR)

14. The Cold War Heats Up • The Cold War at Home • Loyalty Program (to root out any communists in government) • Exposure of wartime spies had many concerned • All new employees investigated by FBI • All current/past employees checked by FBI • Those accused had little chance to defend (civil rights infringement) • HUAC (House Unamerican Activities Committee) • Claimed movies had a huge possibility of influencing thought • Numerous Hollywood figures charged, pressured to name names • “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party”

15. Imagine Today????? • A member of the Senate states that there are more than 200 members of Al Qaida working within the government of the US • When challenged, the Senator backs down some, saying his list only had about 50 people in the government • WOULD THE SENATE HOLD HEARINGS TO LOOK INTO THOSE PEOPLE AND INTO THE GOVERNMENT AS A WHOLE? • WOULD THE GOVERNMENT FIRE THEM (WITHOUT PROOF) JUST IN CASE?

16. Imagine Today???? • An article in the Washington Post states that 2 reporters for ABC have ties to Al Qaida • Those 2 reporters are named but no evidence is produced to prove it • On September 15m 2001 • Today • DO YOU THINK ABC WOULD TAKE THEM OFF THE AIR? FIRE THEM? “BLACKLIST” THEM?

17. The Cold War Heats Up • The Hollywood Ten • 10 big names from Hollywood chose not to testify (stating rights) • Cited for contempt • “Blacklisted” in Hollywood • HUAC had a chilling effect on movies made-no more controversial subjects • Spy Cases Inflame the Nation • Alger Hiss – High Ranking State Department person • Accused – never charged due to time passed • Jailed for lying to Congress for 4 years • The Rosenbergs– Accused of passing nuclear secrets to USSR • Trial found both guilty – sentenced to death • Cases highly controversial: • Now know Hiss and Mr. Rosenberg were spies, not Mrs. R

18. The Korean War • Communist Expansion in Asia • Chinese Civil War • From before WWI until after WWII, there was an internal struggle in China between the capitalists and the communists • Nationalist Party – led by Jiang Jieshi • Communists – led by Mao Zedong • Joined together to battle the Japanese • After WW2, battle resumed . . . Mao will take control in 1949 • Nationalists fled to Taiwan and claimed to be legitimate gov’t • Dividing Korea • Similar struggle between capitalist and communists forces • Temporary separation at 38th Parallel • North – controlled by communists (USSR) • South – controlled by capitalists (USA)

19. The Korean War • The Korean Conflict (M*A*S*H) • Both sides wanted to unite Korea • June 1950 – North attacked South • US believed USSR backed (were wrong) • Truman was determined to stop the spread of communism • DOMINO THEORY – fear that if one country fell to communism, others would soon follow, just like dominos • UN Police Action • US had blocked Communist China’s entry into UN (USSR walked out) • US gained approval from UN to intervene in Korea • Truman immediately ordered US troops into South Korea • UN eventually had 16 other nations in on the action

20. The Korean War • Waging the War • General Douglas MacArthur put in charge • First step to retake territory from the North (cut off supplies) • Next step to take northern territory • MacArthur went beyond what he was charged with doing • Pushed on towards China, drew China into the war (end of 1950) • A stalemate followed • MacArthur wanted Jiang to attack China from Taiwan • Truman disagreed – feared full out Asia war • MacArthur went behind Truman’s back to try to persuade Congress • Truman fired MacArthur from the war for insubordination • War will stretch on for 2 more years, but remain limited to Korea

21. The Korean War • The Effects of the Korean War • Americans frustrated • 54,000 dead & 103,000 injured with little to show • Containment happened – WITHOUT NUCLEAR WAR • Integrated Military (Executive Order 9981) • Huge increase in military spending • * Military Industrial Complex* • Shift of policy in Asia • Contain communism in Asia (Vietnam next)

22. The Continuing Cold War • The McCarthy Era • Playing on the Anti-Communist ferver, McCarthy claimed he had a list of 205 known communists who worked for the State Dept. • Crusade to root out “commies” by using bullying tactics became known as “MCCARTHYISM” • Senate Hearings to investigate • State Department • Hollywood • Army * went too far * televised hearings held the attention of US * Americans horrified at tactics used * Edward R Murrow used show/reputation to stand up to • Outcome: Rights of those accused were ignored People’s lives were ruined in hysteria American People finally angered at tactics used

23. The Continuing Cold War • The Cold War in the 1950’s • Eisenhower becomes President • Sec. of State Foster Dulles believed “Containment” too weak • Eisenhower feared war with USSR – tempered Dulles’s stance • Stalin dies – replaced by more moderate leaders • SE Asia • Eisenhower kept promise and ended Korean War • Vietnam next conflict in Asia • Domino Theory - feared other nations would fall • US had little or no concerns in this region otherwise • Will become longest US war, only war US did not win

24. The Continuing Cold War • Middle East • UN partitions Palestine & create nation of Israel • US works to keep oil rich nations friendly to US (not with USSR) • Back anti-communist groups/leaders in Iran and Suez Canal zone • Eisenhower Doctrine: US would use force to stop any Middle East country from falling into the control of communist nations • Latin America • Supported Pro-American groups/leaders especially where US investments were • OAS – groups of democratic nations of the Americas • CIA worked to bring pro-US governments to power • Guatamala – leader overthrown, property restored

25. The Continuing Cold War • The Arms Race • Increased Nuclear Arsenal • US and USSR continually tried to outbuild the other • Deterrence: the policy of making the military power of the US and its allies so strong that no enemy would are attack for fear of retaliation. • Nuclear tests showed power of weapons • Brinksmanship • “The ability to get to the verge without getting into war is a necessary art. If you cannot master it, you eventually get into war. If you try to run away from it, if you are scared to go to the brink, you are lost.” Foster Dulles

26. The Continuing Cold War • Cold War in the Skies • ICBMs –able to reach further • Sputnik – USSR first into space • U-2 Incident – Spy plane shot down over USSR • Pilot Francis Gary Powers used to embarrass US • Eventually traded for spies US had captured • Other Cold War Events • Cuba - Castro overthrows gov’t and sets up communist regime • Bay of Pigs - CIA led attempt to overthrow Castro gov’t that miserably failed. Huge “black eye” for US • Cuban Missile Crisis • USSR caught building missile sites in Cuba • US threatened war if sites not dismantled • 13 Days of Tension before USSR finally backed down

27. The Vietnam War • Before the war • French IndoChina – Vietnam under foreign control • Helped during WW2 to disrupt the Japanese • Hoped after the war they would be allowed to govern themselves independently • Ho Chi Minh, communist rebel, fought against French rule • France decides to leave, Vietnam partitioned by UN, with elections to follow • Elections cancelled by Diem (fearing Minh would win) • US Involvement • US stepped in to prop up Diem regime, at first as “military advisors” • North Vietnam will attack the South, trying to unify Vietnam • Southern troops suffer heavy losses, the US steps up, go into field of battle • 20,000 US troops inVietnam

28. The Vietnam War • US Involvement Increases • As North continues to advance, more and more US troops help the South Vietnamese Army fight • US military leaders begin to take over planning of battles • President Kennedy/Johnson faced with tough decision • President Johnson opts to “escalate” the war • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution -1964 • 50,000 to 500,000 in 4 years • 1968 • Tet Offensive – US caught off guard – NVA,VC, VM all attack • US Presidential Election – Johnson chooses not to run • Candidates promise to get US out of the war

29. The Vietnam War • Vietnamization • Nixon wins – begins process of withdrawl • At the same time, war intensifies (bombing HCM Trail, Cambodia/Laos • Secret Peace talks begin in Paris • The End of the War • 1973 – Paris Peace Accords signed to officially end conflict in Vietnam • Cease fire would occur January 27, 1973 • US troops would leave Vietnam • Captured troop exchange (POW’s) • North and South Vietnam would exist until peaceful reunification • 1975 – North Vietnam enters South Vietnam and takes control • US evacuates Embassy – leaving many who worked with us • Vietnam in reunited under Communist control in 1975