CLINTON-OBAMA CIVIL RIGHTS

1. CLINTON-OBAMA CIVIL RIGHTS

2. BILL CLINTON, 1993-2001 DOMESTIC POLICY *Cut Federal spending, raised taxes on wealthy *Proposed health care reform; failed to pass *CONTRACT WITH AMERICA—Newt Gingrich proposes smaller government/ more responsible to people *Computer industry success helps with economic prosperity *IMPEACHMENT (Monica Lewinsky trial; denial of relationship) FOREIGN POLICY *NAFTA—Trade agreement between U.S., Canada, Mexico: lowered tariffs *War in KOSOVO; U.S. forces sent in as part of NATO coalition to stop “ethnic cleansing” *Helped China join the World Trade Organization (WTO), but failed to end human rights abuses

3. THE AMERICAN DREAM—FOLLOWING TOQUEVILLE’S IDEAS OF INCREASED FREEDOM AND OPPORTUNITY IN AMERICA… BILL GATES—FOUNDER OF MICROSOFT. AMONG FIRST TO RECOGNIZED POTENTIAL OF PERSONAL COMPUTER. TODAY MICROSOFT’S SOFTWARE IS A PART OF NEARLY EVERY PERSONAL COMPUTER IN THE WORLD SAM WALTON—STARTED HIS OWN FIVE-AND-DIME STORE IN ARKANSAS IN 1962. HE CREATED A CHAIN OF STORES OFFERING A LARGE VARIETY OF PRODUCTS AT LOW PRICES. WALMART AND SAM’S CLUB HAVE GROWN TO BECOME THE WORLD’S LARGEST RETAILER. ESTEE LAUDER—A JEWISH NEW YORKER, SHE FOUNDED A COSMETICS COMPANY WITH HER HUSBAND, PIONEERING THE “GIVEAWAY PROMOTION.” MUCH OF HER EARLY SUCCESS WAS “WORD OF MOUTH” ADVERTISING, THEN SHE CHANGED TO BEAUTIFUL MODELS. ROBERT JOHNSON—FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN BILLIONARE FOUNDED BLACK ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION. THIS BECAME THE FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN MANAGED COMPANY ON THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE. HE SOLD IT FOR $1.5 BILLION IN 1998 AND IN 2003 BECAME THE OWNER OF THE CHARLOTTE BOBCATS (NBA) LIONEL SOSA—IDENTIFIED THE POTENTIAL IN THE HISPANIC MARKET AS A TARGET FOR ADVERTISING AND POLITICS. HE FOUNDED THE LARGEST HISPANIC ADVERTISING AGENCY THE U.S.. HE MOTIVATED HISPANICS TO “COMPETE AND WIN.” HE HAS ALSO ADVISED SEVERAL REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS AS A POLITICAL ADVISOR.

4. GEORGE W. BUSH, 2001-2009 ELECTION OF 2000 Florida vote so close, recount required by law Supreme Court decision in Gore v. Bush gives Florida election to Bush which makes him winner of the election TERRORIST ATTACK 9/11/2001 (World Trade Center; Pentagon) *Bush declared GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR *Created DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY *Sponsored the USA PATRIOT ACT WAR IN IRAQ: Coalition forces invade Iraq to free Kuwait *Saddam Hussein removed from power FINANCIAL CRISIS OF 2008 *Housing market crashed, setting off sharp decline

5. BARACK OBAMA, 2009- OBAMA WINS ELECTION Beat John McCain (Republican) *First African-American elected President *Gained endorsement of Oprah Winfrey (millionaire talk show host/media figure) *Promised great change *AMERICAN RECOVERY AND INVESTMENT ACT passed to stimulate economy AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE ACT (OBAMACARE) SONIA SOTOMAYOR First Hispanic (3rd woman) appointed to Supreme Court

6. CIVIL RIGHTS PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896) *Allowed “separate but equal” facilities BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION (1954) *Ended segregation in public schools *Separate facilities are inherently unequal HIGHLIGHTS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT *Montgomery bus boycott (1955)—Rosa Parks refuses to move *Integration of Little Rock High School (1957) troops sent in to protect 9 students *Civil Rights Act (1957)—to increase African-American voting *Civil Rights Act (1964) *Sit-ins and Freedom Rides (1960s) *Voting Rights Act (1965) *Affirmative Action (1965)

7. DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. MAJOR BELIEFS/TEACHINGS *Nonviolent, civil disobedience *Modeled actions after Thoreau and Gandhi MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT (1955) *started with Rosa Parks refusal to give up seat *Ended segregated buses in Montgomery “LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL” *King explained why African Americans could no long wait for equality MARCH ON WASHINGTON (1963) *Delivered his “I Have A Dream” Speech *Helped lead to passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964

8. OTHER IMPORTANT PEOPLE/GROUPS TO KNOW THURGOOD MARSHALL *NAACP ATTORNEY *First African American on the Supreme Court ROSA PARKS: Her arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott SOUTHERN GOVERNORS WHO RESISTED INTEGRATION: *George Wallace (Alabama)—stood in door to University *OrvalFaubus (Arkansas)—ordered National Guard to prevent integration in Little Rock *Lester Maddox (Georgia)—former restaurant owner BLACK POWER MOVEMENT: *Malcolm X *BLACK PANTEHERS (more militant)

9. BATTLE IN THE COURTS MENDEZ v. WESTMINSTER (1947) *No segregating Mexican-American children without a specific state law *(California) also extended to Chinese and Japanese DELGADO v. BASTROP ISD (1948) *Segregation of Mexican American children illegal in Texas SWEAT v. PAINTER (1950) *UT law school could not have a segregated “separate but equal” law school HERNANDEZ v. TEXAS (1954) *Convicted of murder by all white jury *Fourteenth Amendment violation *Race cannot be excluded from juries EDGEWOOD ISD v. KIRBY (1984) *State must revise school funding system

10. CIVIL RIGHTS EXTENDED… CHICANO MOVEMENT (Mexican Americans) *Sought to correct past discrimination and racism * Mural movement brings attention and pride *Leaders: Hector Garcia (challenged discrimination; GI Forum) Cesar Chavez (organized farm workers using non- violent methods) Delores Huerta (farm workers, women’s rights, environoment—Medal of Freedom winner) AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM) *”Red Power”: Raise respect for Native Americans * Occupation of Alcatraz/Wounded Knee *Bring attention to plight of their people

11. WOMEN’S MOVEMENT CHALLENGED TRADIONAL ROLES OF WOMEN BETTY FRIEDAN * Wrote The Feminine Mystique (not all housewives happy) *Helped form Nation Organization of Women (NOW) TITLE IX *Promoted gender equality in high school and college education *Guaranteed girls in school the same opportunities as boys (for example in sports) EQUAL PAY ACT *Requires companies to pay women the same wages as men for the same work.