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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Cardiovascular System: Blood. 6.1 Blood: An overview. What are the functions of blood?. Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, and hormones Defense: against invasion by pathogens Regulatory functions: body temperature, water-salt balance, and body pH.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Cardiovascular System: Blood

  2. 6.1 Blood: An overview What are the functions of blood? • Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, and hormones • Defense: against invasion by pathogens • Regulatory functions: body temperature, water-salt balance, and body pH

  3. 6.1 Blood: An overview What is the composition of blood? • Remember: blood is a fluid connective tissue • Formed elements: produced in red bone marrow • Red blood cells/erythrocytes (RBC) • White blood cells/leukocytes (WBC) • Platelets • Plasma: • 92% water and 8% salts and organic molecules • Plasma proteins are the most abundant molecules

  4. 6.1 Blood: An overview 3 major types of plasma proteins • Albumins – most abundant and important for plasma’s osmotic pressure as well as transportation • Globulins – also important in transportation • Fibrinogen – important for the formation of blood clots

  5. 6.1 Blood: An overview Where do the formed elements come from and what are they?

  6. Lack a nucleus and have few organelles Biconcave shape increases surface area Contain about 280 million hemoglobin molecules that bind 3 molecules of O2 each 6.2 Blood: Red blood cells and transport of oxygen The structure of red blood cells is important to their function

  7. Produced in the red bone marrow Lifespan of about 120 days Erythropoietin (EPO) is excreted by kidney cells and moves to red marrow when oxygen levels are low Old cells are destroyed by the liver and spleen 6.2 Blood: Red blood cells and transport of oxygen Production of red blood cells

  8. 6.2 Blood: Red blood cells and transport of oxygen What is blood doping? • Any method of increasing the number of RBC’s to increase athletic performance • It allows more efficient delivery of oxygen and reducing fatigue • EPO is injected into a person months prior to an athletic event • Is thought to be able to cause death due to thickening of blood that leads to a heart attack

  9. 6.2 Blood: Red blood cells and transport of oxygen What disorders involve RBCs? • Anemia – a condition resulting from too few RBCs or hemoglobin that causes a run-down feeling • Anemia- blood does not deliver oxygen adequately usually due to a low amount of hemoglobin. • Causes of anemia: • Low iron or low folic acid • Hemorrhage • Aplastic anemia- red bone marrow cannot produce enough RBCs • Pernicious anemia-low amount of vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor • Intrinsic factor is needed for absorption of B12 into the blood stream from the digestive system. • B12 is needed for cell divisions that result in RBCs

  10. Blood Disorders • Sickle-cell anemia – genetic disease that causes RBCs to be sickle shaped and tend to rupture • Carbon Monoxide poisoning- Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin better than oxygen does, resulting in lower oxygen delivery to the tissues

  11. 6.3 White blood cells and defense against disease White blood cells • Derived from red bone marrow • Large blood cells that have a nucleus • Production is regulated by colony-stimulating factor (CSF) • Can be found in the blood as well as in tissues • Fight infection and an important part of the immune system • Some live days and others live months or years

  12. 6.3 White blood cells and defense against disease Movement of WBC’s out of circulation

  13. 6.3 White blood cells and defense against disease How are white blood cells categorized? • Granular – contain noticeable granules and lobed nuclei • Eosinophil • Basophil • Neutrophil • Agranular – no granules; nonlobed nuclei • Lymphocyte • Monocyte

  14. 6.2 Composition of Blood Types of WBC: a.Neutrophils—most abundant and the first to respond to an infection (phagocytes) b.Eosinophils—increase in number during an allergic reaction or a parasitic worm infection c.Basophils—release histamines associated with allergic reactions (dilates blood vessels and constricts air ways) d.Monocytes—become larger macophages that phagocytize pathogens, old cells, and cellular debris e.Lymphocytes—B-cells protect us by producing antibodies, and T-cells destroy any cell that has foreign antigens 6-9

  15. 6.3 White blood cells and defense against disease How do blood cell leave circulation?

  16. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) – an inherited disease in which stem cells of WBCs lack an enzyme that allows them to fight any infection Leukemia – groups of cancers that affect white blood cells in which cells proliferate without control Infectious mononucleosis – also known as the “kissing disease” occurs when the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects lymphocytes resulting in fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes 6.3 White blood cells and defense against disease What disorders involve WBC’s?

  17. Terms to know • Leukopenia-abnormally low WBC count • Leukocytosis-abnormally high WBC count.

  18. Made of fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes made in the red bone marrow About 200 billion are made per day Function in blood clotting Blood proteins named thrombin and fibrinogen are important for blood clotting by leading to fibrin threads that catch RBCs 6.4 Platelets and blood clotting Platelets

  19. 6.4 Platelets and blood clotting How do platelets clot blood?

  20. Thrombocytopenia – a disorder in which the number of platelets is too low due to not enough being made in the bone marrow or the increased breakdown outside the marrow Thromboembolism – when a clot forms and breaks off from its site of origin and plugs another vessel Hemophilia – a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a clotting factor so that when a person damages a blood vessel they are unable to properly clot their blood both internally and externally 6.4 Platelets and blood clotting What disorders involve platelets?

  21. Donating blood is a safe and sterile procedure You will donate about a pint of blood You will replace the plasma in a few hours and the cells in a few weeks A few people may feel dizzy afterwards so sit down, eat a snack, and drink some water Your blood will at least be tested for syphilis, HIV antibodies, and hepatitis; if any of them come back positive, you will be notified Your blood can help save many lives You should not give blood if: You have ever had hepatitis, malaria, or been treated for syphilis or gonorrhea within 12 months If you risk for having HIV or have AIDS 6.4 Platelets and blood clotting Health Focus: What do you need to know about donating blood?

  22. Antigen - a foreign substance, often a polysaccharide or a protein, that stimulates an immune response Antibody – proteins made in response to an antigen in the body and bind to that antigen Blood transfusion – transfer of blood from one individual into another individual 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions Terminology to help understand ABO blood typing?

  23. Presence and/or absence of 2 blood antigens, A and B Type of antibodies present Antibodies are only present for those antigen lacking on the cells because these proteins recognize and bind the protein they are named after 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions What determines the A, B, AB or O blood type?

  24. Blood Type

  25. Blood types are named after the protein antigens that are present on the surface of their cell, except type O that entirely lacks A and B proteins Blood types only have antibodies to antigens they do not have on the surface of their cells For example: Type A blood Have A proteins on its surface Has B antibodies What can you say about someone with type AB blood? 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions How can you remember what each blood type means?

  26. 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions Looking at each blood type in the ABO blood system

  27. First, consider the antigens found on the blood transfusion recipient Second, consider the antibodies found in the donor blood If the antibodies in the donor blood can recognize the antigen on the recipient’s blood then the blood will agglutinate (clump) and cause rejection 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions How can you determine if blood types are compatible for a blood transfusion?

  28. 6.4 Blood Typing • A B O Blood Groups—inherited. • Type A blood—type A antigen on the surface of the RBC. • Type B blood—type B antigen on the surface of the RBC. • Type AB blood—type A and B antigens on the surface of the RBC. • Type O blood—has no antigens on the surface of the RBC. Most common blood type? Rarest blood type? Universal donor blood type? Universal recipient blood type? The A B O system is used to determine the compatibility of donor’s and recipient’s blood. 6-14

  29. Can a person with blood type O accept blood type A without agglutination occurring? Why or why not? Why can people with AB blood type accept more blood types than people with type O, A or B? Which blood type is able to be used most often as a donor blood type? Why? 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions Testing your understanding

  30. The Rh factor is often included when expressing a blood type by naming it positive or negative People with the Rh factor are positive and those without it are negative Rh antibodies only develop in a person when they are exposed to the Rh factor from another’s blood (usually a fetus) 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions What about Rh blood groups?

  31. Hemolytic disease of the newborn – a condition with incompatible blood types that leads to rupturing of blood cells in a baby before and continuing after birth During pregnancy under these conditions: Mom: Rh- Dad: Rh+ Fetus: Rh+ (possible with the parents above) In this case above some Rh+ blood can leak from the fetus to the mother during birth causing the mother to make Rh antibodies This can be a problem if the mother has a second fetus that is Rh+ because she now has antibodies that can leak across the placenta and attack the fetus This condition is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn and can lead to retardation and even death 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions When is the Rh factor important?

  32. 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions Visualizing how hemolytic disease of the newborn happens?

  33. Rh- women are given an injection of anti-Rh antibodies no later than 72 hours after birth to an Rh+ baby These antibodies attack fetal red blood cells in the mother before the mother’s immune system can make antibodies This will have to be repeated if an Rh- mother has another Rh+ baby in case she has later pregnancies 6.5 Blood typing and transfusions How can hemolytic disease of the newborn be prevented?

  34. Disorders • Septicemia • Infection of blood caused by microbe or the toxins produced by certain bacteria • Can cause circulatory shut-down • Thrombus- blood clot • Embolism- blood clot that is not attached

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