Unit 5: Reconstruction through the Gilded Age

1. Unit 5: Reconstruction through the Gilded Age Post-Civil War

2. The Defeated South • Main Idea: Northern leaders had different ideas for dealing with the many issues and challenges of restoring the southern states to the Union.

3. After the Civil War The Civil War was the most costly war in American history in terms of total devastation. At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some experts say the toll reached 700,000. These casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam.

4. AMAZING WAR LOSSES Destroyed buildings in Richmond, VA.

5. Atlanta After the civil war

6. PROBLEMS FACING THE SOUTH 1. Millions of freed slaves needed housing, clothing, food, and jobs. 2. Banks were closed. 3. Confederate money had no value. 4. Railroads, bridges, plantations, and crops had been destroyed

7. RECONSTRUCTION 1865-1877 Main Idea – Radical Republicans in Congress opposed Abraham Lincoln’s and Andrew Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and its own plan to rebuild the South after the Civil War.

8. PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION LINCOLN AND JOHNSON RADICAL REPUBLICANS • Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan – • argued that the southern states had never left the Union because secession was illegal– one nation indivisible • when 10% of voters pledged allegiance to the U.S. – state could be readmitted to U.S. • very lenient – goal was to re-admit southern states as quick as possible, not to punish the South • “with malice towards none, with charity for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds” • Nothing included about African Americans • Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction – also very lenient towards the South • Radical Republicans northern members of Congress, led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, who opposed Lincoln’s Ten Percent plan and Johnson’s plan • Wanted to punish the southern slave owners • Wanted to give African-Americans the right to vote

9. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION Radical Republicans took control of Reconstruction policy in 1866 • 14th Amendment – states were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American - granted citizenship rights to African Americans

10. Reconstruction Act of 1867– divided former Confederacy into 5 military districts (military occupation), setup new requirements to gain re-admission to the Union

11. Johnson’s impeachment –Radical Republicans impeached Johnson, but he was not removed from office • 15th Amendment – voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” • Significance - gave African American men the right to vote • (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=si0QubYTW-Q)

12. POLITICS IN POST WAR SOUTH • Republican Party in the South relied on 3 groups: 1. African Americans – right to vote guaranteed by 15th Amendment • Sharecropping – many African Americans rented land from plantation owners in return for a share or percentage of the total crop produced 2. Scalawags – Southerners who became Republicans 3. Carpetbaggers – Northern Republicans who moved to the South

13. THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION • Anti-Black violence – goal was to prevent African Americans from voting • Ku Klux Klan (KKK) – violent terrorist organization devoted to white supremacy • Founded as a social club for Confederate veterans • Started in Tennessee in 1866, membership spread rapidly through the South

14. Activity Analyze the political cartoon and complete the questions for a daily grade.

15. Election of 1876: • Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden(Democrat) • Tilden won the popular vote, Hayes won the electoral college • South upset and disputed the election

16. Compromise of 1877 – agreement to settle the disputed election • Hayes (Republican) = president • Republicans would end military occupation of the South • White Democrats took control of southern state governments = “Redemption” • Significance – Reconstruction is ended White southern Democrats passed “Jim Crow Laws” – called for segregation of the races throughout the South African Americans denied their constitutional rights

17. Cultures Clash on the Prairie & Settling on the Great Plains

18. Cultures Clash • Main Idea – The cattle industry boomed in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declined. Settlers on the Great Plains transformed the land despite great hardships.

19. Settlers Push Westward • Background: Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers increased in the region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. • Great Plains– def. – the grassy lands that extend through the western-central portion of the United States • Settlers focused on settling and farming the Great Plains • Significance – multiple conflicts with Native Americans resulted • Native American groups were placed on reservations throughout the Great Plains

20. Settlers Move Westward to Farm • Transcontinental Railroad • Background: Following the Civil War, railroads became very important in opening western lands to settlers and transporting crops to eastern markets • Transcontinental Railroad(est. 1869)– linked eastern and western markets and led to increased settlement of western lands from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean • http://www.history.com/topics/american-history/videos#transcontinental-railroad

21. Homestead Act • Homestead Act(1862) – offered 160 acres of land in the West (for free) to any citizen who would settle and farm the land for 5 years • 600,000 families took advantage of this government offer • Many homesteaders were southerners – both White and African-American

22. Support for Farmers

23. New Technology • steel-tipped plow– invented by John Deere, helped farmers slice through heavy soil • mechanical reaper– invented by Cyrus McCormick, increased speed of harvesting wheat • Significance – made farming more efficient and prosperous

24. Results • Overall – By 1900, the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain region of the American West was no longer a mostly unsettled frontier, but instead it became a region of farms, ranches and towns

25. The Expansion of Industry & Big Business and Labor

26. The Expansion of Industry & Big Business and Labor • Main Idea – At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial revolution. The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form labor unions to better their lives.

27. Inventions Promote Change

28. Bessemer Steel Process • Henry Bessemer – developed a new manufacturing process to make steel, which removed the impurities faster • Significance - new steel products used for building railroads and skyscrapers

29. Light Bulb • Thomas Edison – new development to serve as a source for light • Significance – made work and play less dependent on natural sunlight • http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/videos#thomas-edison)

30. Electricity • Thomas Edison - new power source for businesses and homes • Significance – electric power ran industrial machines that could be located anywhere

31. Telephone • Alexander Graham Bell – revolutionized communications in business • Significance – saved time andcreated new clerical jobs for women in business

32. Airplane • Wright Brothers – allowed for movement of goods and eventually people by air travel • First flight = Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903 • Significance– led to the creation of a U.S. airmail system by 1920

33. Assembly-Line Manufacturing • Henry Ford – broke industrial tasks down into simpler parts and improved efficiency in production of cars • Significance – allowed for increased efficiency in production for many industrial products • http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/videos#henry-ford-and-the-model-t)

34. Leaders of Industry (aka “Robber Barons”)

35. Andrew Carnegie • Steel Industry • Scottish immigrant who rose from “rags to riches” • Carnegie Steel Company – made more steel than any other company in US • Developed a monopoly – complete control over an industry’s production, wages, and prices when all competitors are bought out • (http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/videos#andrew-carnegie)

36. J.P. Morgan • Banking and Finance • Formed a holding company – corporation that did nothing but buy out stock of other companies • Bought out Carnegie Steel in 1903 to create U.S. Steel = world’s largest business

37. John D. Rockefeller • Oil Industry • Standard Oil Company – controlled 90% of all U.S. oil production • Controlled other companies by forming a trust– several corporations made an agreement to be run by one executive board that ran the trust like one big company

38. Cornelius Vanderbilt • Railroads • Dominated control of much of the nation’s railroad lines in the Northeast and Midwest

39. Reactions Against Industrialists • Carnegie, Morgan, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt were called “Robber Barons” by critics • Critics said they were making money in a corrupt manner

40. Reactions Against Industrialists • Sherman Antitrust Act(1890) – made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with or “restrained” free trade • Significance - limited impact at first – corporations were able to win court cases and continue consolidation tactics • Unsafe working conditions and low pay caused workers/laborers to form Labor Unions devoted to improving the lives of workers

41. Labor Unions Emerge • Knights of Labor • American Federation of Labor (AFL) • American Railway Union (ARU)

42. Knights of Labor • Founded by Uriah Stephens in 1869 • Open to all workers regardless of skill level, race or gender • Supported an 8 hour workday

43. American Federation of Labor(AFL) • Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886 • Open to skilled workers only • Favored collective bargaining– negotiation between management and representatives of labor to reach an agreement on wages, hours, and working conditions • Used strikes when necessary

44. American Railway Union (ARU) • Founded by Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) • Open to all workers within a specific industry (railroads) regardless of skill level • Used strikes when necessary – involved in the Pullman Strike

45. Strikes Turn Violent

46. Haymarket Square • Chicago 1886 • Bomb exploded in a crowd of policemen, police fired into strikers • The public started to turn against labor unions

47. Homestead Strike • Near Pittsburgh 1892 • Carnegie Steel plant went on strike when wages were cut • Violence broke out - Pennsylvania National Guard called in to break up the strike

48. Pullman Strike • Chicago 1894 • Pullman employees went on strike after wages were cut • Violence broke out – U.S. Army sent in by President Cleveland to break up the strike