第二章 运动系统

1. 第二章 运动系统

2. 第二章 运动系统 • 构成： 骨、 骨连结、 骨骼肌

3. 第二章 运动系统 • 功能：维持人体形态、保护内脏器官、储存有机质（钙、磷、脂肪）、造血等 。 • 体育锻炼的作用：促进新陈代谢，加速血液循环，加速骨的钙化，促进韧带的发育。

4. 第一节 骨骼 • 一、骨 • 二、骨连结 • 三、骨的分布特征

5. 一、骨 • 人骨共206块，每块骨都是一个器官。 • （一）骨的形态分类 • （二）骨的构造 • （三）骨的化学成分 • （四）骨的发生和生长

6. （一）骨的形态分类 • 骨的形态与所担负的功能相关。 • 1. 长骨：主要分布于四肢，在运动中起杠杆作用； • 2. 短骨：位于连接牢固、运动复杂的部位，主要分布于手足； • 3. 扁骨：参与构成颅腔、胸腔和盆腔的壁； • 4. 不规则骨：不规则骨，椎骨、颞骨，含气骨，上颌骨、蝶骨。

7. Bone Shapes • Long • Upper and lower limbs • Short • Carpals and tarsals • Flat • Ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae • Irregular • Vertebrae, facial

8. （二）骨的构造 • 1. 骨质（bone matrix）：骨组织，分骨密质和骨松质 • 骨密质致密坚硬，分布于骨的表面； • 骨松质结构疏松，由骨小梁排列而成，排列方向与受力方向一致。

9. Long Bone Structure • 骨干Diaphysis • Shaft • Compact bone • 骨骺Epiphysis • End of the bone • Cancellous bone • 骺板Epiphyseal plate • Growth plate • 骺线Epiphyseal line • Bone stops growing in length

10. Long Bone Structure • 髓腔Medullary cavity • Red marrow • Yellow marrow • 骨外膜Periosteum • Outer bone surface • Sharpey’s fibers • Attachment • 骨内膜Endosteum • Lines bone cavities

11. （二）骨的构造 • 2. 骨膜（bone periosteum）：一层纤维性结缔组织膜，含有丰富的血管、神经和淋巴，对骨的营养、生长及损伤后的修复有重要作用。

12. Gross Anatomy of Long Bone • Endosteum is a connective tissue membrane made up of a single layer of cells that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones

13. （二）骨的构造 • 3. 骨髓（bone marrow）：分红骨髓和黄骨髓 • 红骨髓分布于全身骨松质内，造血功能； • 黄骨髓6岁，脂肪组织代替红骨髓，无造血功能，某些病理情况下可恢复。

14. Gross Anatomy of Long Bone • Medullary cavity is a large space within the diaphysis of a long bone. • Medullary cavities and other cavities of spongy bone are filled with marrow. • Red marrow is site of blood cell formation • Yellow marrow is mostly adipose tissue

15. （三）骨的化学成分 • 1. 组成：分骨组织和骨细胞，包括有机质和无机质 • 有机质：骨胶原纤维，韧性和弹性 • 无机质：钙盐，脆性和坚硬 • 2. 影响因素：年龄、营养状况等

16. Bone Matrix

17. （四）骨的发生、生长及损伤后的修复 • 1. 发生：膜内成骨和软骨内成骨。 • 2. 生长：加长和加粗。 • 骨的成分、结构和形状受年龄和外界环境的影响。 • 3. 损伤后的修复：骨骼重建

18. Bone Remodeling • Coverts woven bone into lamellar bone • Bone constantly removed by osteoclasts and new bone formed by osteoblasts

19. Growth in Bone Length • Appositional growth • New bone on old bone or cartilage surface • Epiphyseal plate zones • Resting cartilage • Proliferation • Hypertrophy • Calcification

20. Growth in Bone Length

21. Growth in Bone Width

22. Factors Affecting Bone Growth • Nutrition • Vitamin D • Necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines • Insufficient causes rickets and osteomalacia • Vitamin C • Necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts • Deficiency results in scurvy • Hormones • Growth hormone from anterior pituitary • Thyroid hormone required for growth of all tissues • Sex hormones as estrogen and testosterone

23. Effects of Aging on Skeletal System • Bone Matrix decreases • Bone Mass decreases • Increased bone fractures • Bone loss causes deformity, loss of height, pain, stiffness • Stooped posture • Loss of teeth

24. 损伤后的修复 • ① 血肿形成Hematoma Formation • ② 骨痂的形成 Callus formation • ③ 骨痂骨化 Callus ossification • ④ 骨骼的重构 Remodeling of bone

25. Bone Repair

26. 二、骨连结 • 直接连结：由相邻骨之间借致密结缔组织、软骨或骨直接连结，活动幅度小或不能活动。 • 间接连结：即关节（articulation），由相邻骨之间借结缔组织构成的囊相连，活动幅度大。

27. 二、骨连结 • （一）关节的基本结构 • （二）关节的辅助结构 • （三）关节的运动

28. 关节分类 • Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones • 纤维连结Fibrous • 软骨连结Cartilaginous • 滑液连结Synovial • Functional: Based on degree of motion • 不动关节Synarthrosis: Nonmovable • 丛和关节Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable • 动关节Diarthrosis: Freely movable

29. 纤维连结 • Characteristics • United by fibrous connective tissue • Have no joint cavity • Move little or none • Types • 缝Sutures • Syndesmoses • Gomphoses

30. 纤维连结- 韧带 • A syndesmosis is a fibrous joint in which the bones are farther apart than in a suture and are joined by ligaments • Some movement may occur because of flexibility of the ligaments • Ex. radioulnar, stylohyoid, and tibiofibular

31. 纤维连结- 嵌合关节 • Gomphoses- specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue. • Example: dentoalveolar (joints between the teeth and the sockets of the mandible and maxillae)

32. 软骨连结- 软骨结合 • Little or no movement occurs in the joint • Hyaline cartilage– has large amounts of both collagen fibers and proteoglycans; has a smooth surface

33. 软骨连结- 骨性结合 • Slightly movable because of the somewhat flexible nature of fibrocartilage • Symphysis pubis- joint loosens and stretches due to hormone levels during pregnancy to enlarge the pelvic opening and allow for delivery of baby through birth canal. The connective tissue generally regains its original size after birth.

34. 滑膜关节 • Articular surfaces of the bones that meet at a synovial joint are enclosed within a synovial joint cavity, surrounded by a joint capsule

35. （一）关节的基本结构 • 1. 关节面：邻接面，一个凸面，一个凹面，关节软骨减轻运动时关节面的摩擦，缓冲运动的冲击和振荡。 • 2. 关节囊： 外层纤维膜，由致密结缔组织构成，厚而坚韧； 内层滑膜，分泌滑液，润滑作用。 • 3. 关节腔：密闭腔隙，腔内负压，有助于关节的稳固。

38. （二）关节的辅助结构 • 韧带、关节盘、半月板等。

39. （三）关节的运动 • 1. 运动形式：屈和伸、内收和外展、旋内与旋外、环转。 • 2. 运动特点：运动范围与形状有关，灵活性大，则牢固性小，反之亦然。 • 3. 脱臼：关节受到强大外力作用时，关节凸和关节凹失去正常位置，常伴有关节囊撕裂和韧带的损伤。

40. Plane and Pivot Joints • Plane or Gliding joints • Monoaxial • Example:Articular processes between vertebrae • Pivot joints • Monoaxial • Example: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas

41. 弯曲和伸展

42. 背屈和足跖反射

43. 外展和内收

44. 旋转，手掌向下，反掌

45. 环形运动

46. 提升和下压

47. 伸长和收回

48. 偏离

49. 对指和复位

50. 内翻和外翻