Organizational Ethics

Organizational Ethics Thomas D. Maddix, CSC, D.Min. Vice President, Mission, Ethics & Spirituality Holy Family Hospital | Mount Saint Joseph Hospital | St. Paul’s Hospital | St. Vincent’s Hospitals: Brock Fahrni, Langara, Heather | Youville Residence | Marion Hospice

Organizational Ethics “We saw nothing not because there was nothing, but because we had trained ourselves not to see.” Richard Garry, a character in Colm Toibin’s novel,The Story of the Night Any organization of work--industrial, service, blue or white collar-can be described as a psychostructure that selects and molds character. Michael Maccoby, The Gamesman

Definitions • Disciplined process for incorporating ethical reflection and practices into the life and work of an organization. • Organizational Ethics is the intentional use of values to guide the decisions of a organization. Providence Health Care, Vancouver • Organizational ethics examines the ethics of the (health care) organization as a whole.

Definitions • It asks: What is the organization's ethical responsibility to patients and families, the wider community, employees, and other stakeholders? • Organizational ethics considers the actions of individuals insofar as the organization they represent is affected by—or shares accountability for—their conduct. E-ethics park Ridge Centre

Definitions • Has to do with the identity and the integrity of the organization itself—with who the organization is and becomes and with what the organization does. The organization's character and behavior, these are the concerns and the scope of organizational ethics. (Ron Hamel, PhD Health Progress, Dec.2006) • It requires that the organization's values permeate the organization at all levels and in all areas—from executive leadership to housekeeping; in planning, budgeting, and all other decisions; in policies, procedures, and practices; in internal and external relationships. Ron Hamel, Ph.D Health Progress, Dec. 2006

Common organizational ethics issues include: • Business and Service Plans (mergers, partnerships, contracts with providers, marketing etc.) • Quality and Safety Issues • Employee Rights and Responsibilities (compensation, bargaining, diversity, harassment, privacy) • Role in the Community (advocacy, investment policies) • Resource Allocation • Work Restructuring

Issues continued: • Charitable fundraising • Disagreement over treatment decisions • Access to care • Business development • Disclosure of risk • Business and Professional Integrity (performance review/management; conflicts of interest; incentives; hiring and promotion • Other????

Ethics Agenda requires: 1.People with knowledge, character and skills 2.Experiences that impart knowledge, provide experience and touches the souls of individuals and groups. 3.Tools that outline a decision-making process, publications/documents that enhance the discussion of key issues and codes/guidelines.

Ethics Agenda requires: 4. Becoming clear about what ultimately drives our decision-making demands knowing the fundamental difference between the espoused and the operative values of an organization. (Gordon Self…unpublished paper, 29 December 2008) 5.“A deliberate choice and use of criteria rather than letting these operative values comes from external pressure or emerge amorphously from a general context of corporate culture.” Charles McCoy, p. 241, Management of Values

Ethics Agenda requires: • A culture which • Places ethical issues on the agenda • Provides a safe place to discuss conflicting ethical concerns • Has a process for handling ethics disputes

The Root of Moral Conflict within organizations: Where we are coming from . . . 1.Perceptions different…often the same value 2.Different ways of seeing the same issue/experience 3.Different educational and vocational environments 4.Different metaphors/images that shape our images of a moral issue

The Root of Moral Conflict within organizations: Where we are coming from . . . 5. Different images of ourselves, of others, of society, of the natural world and whatever God or centre of loyalty that provides us with integrity. 6. Different worldviews, ideologies or stories that provide our lives/organizations setting and viewpoint. 7. Different life experiences

Visible “Explicit” “In-awareness” Roles Skin Colour Behaviour Hopes Values Interests Needs Worldview Intentions Beliefs Assumptions Perceptions Feelings Individual Experiences History Fears Unresolved Personal or Group Traumas Group/Cultural History “Implicit” “Out of awareness” Invisible

The Root of Moral Conflict within organizations: Where we are coming from . . . 8.These experiences/ lenses give us eyes to see some things but not others. 9. To begin to address ethical issues, important to “know where we are coming from,” and “where in the world we are”…as moral interpreters, evaluators, decision-makers and actors.

The Root of Moral Conflict within organizations: Where we are coming from . . . 10.Stanley Hauerwas has stated, “moral behaviour is an affair not primarily of choice but of vision.” 11. To see is to behave 12. Morality is based on who we are as viewers and our interpretation of what is going on.

Institutional Contexts of Doing Ethics 1.An institution: any significant or established practice, relationship or organization (The way we do things around here!”) 2.“Organizations become institutions as they are infused with value, that is, prized not as tools alone but as sources of direct personal gratification and vehicles of group identity.” Philip Selznick p. 67 in Management of Values by Charles McCoy

Institutional Contexts of Doing Ethics 3.The organizations/institutions provide us with places • to be • to see • points of contact with ethical questions • points of view for moral/ethical insight • context by which we live our ethical vision

Leaders and Culture - What’s important • What leaders pay attention to, measure and control on a regular basis. • How leaders react to critical incidents and organizational crises • Observed criteria by which leaders allocated resources.

Leaders and Culture continued • Deliberate role modeling, teaching and coaching. • Observed criteria by which leaders allocate rewards and status. • Observed criteria by which leaders recruit, select, promote, retire and ostracize organizational members. Ron Hamel, quoting from work done by the VA in the USA.

Fear and the impact on Organizations and Ethical Dialogue Fear of: ·failing ·being misunderstood ·losing our position

Fear Continued ·job loss ·failure ·image or status loss ·not living up to expectations-self/others

Fear continued • protects us from what may challenge or change us • loss of control . . . Relationships • loss of identity • conflict

Fear continued • looking foolish in front of our peers…results in a paralysis of self, others and organization • our ignorance and prejudices exposed • People disengage and ‘deferential thinking’ becomes the norm (Gordon Self, ibid)

Roles in organizations can: ·Corrupt us badly as our uncritical loyalty to them does (puppets or parrots) ·Give us leave to dehumanize others ·Dehumanize ourselves

Roles in organizations can: ·Keep us in line and prompt us to discharge obligations that we might otherwise neglect. ·Facilitate communication, helpfulness and productivity. ·Ethical Responsibility in institutional life…requires paying attention to the implications of ethical behaviours for specific roles.

Moral Character in Organizations: 1.Occurs when an organization is committed to values and shapes it future and life according to them. 2.The basic values or beliefs that guide the culture at either the conscious or unconscious life give “character” to the culture. 3.Corporation/organization is a moral agent

Moral Character in Organizations: 4.Decisions made within the context of the organization impacts the lives of many people. 5.The Boeing Company says, “Ethics should be approached as a system issue and not as a problem of ‘bad individuals.’” 6.Yet, there are individuals around the table making decisions…

Key Points for us to consider: 1.We live in institutions and institutions live in us 2.Moral and ethical development occurs not only for the individual but also for the community and organization 3.Moral/Ethical responsibility means being responsible people but also making our organizations more responsible.

Key Points for us to consider: 4. We need to learn how systems, structures, cultures and institutional character can be changed. 5. Only to the extent that we hear other voices and see from other vantage points can we see around the blinders that our personal (inner and outer) locations impose.

Key Points for us to consider: 6. For us to “do ethics,”---to reflect critically on the character and action of ourselves and our communities—we must recognize ‘where we are” and “where we come from.”

Concluding Considerations: Organizational integrity doesn't just happen. Achieving and maintaining it require sustained attention and ongoing efforts. It is hard work…To the extent that who the organization claims to be is not expressed in what it does in its daily activities, there is something lacking at its core. It lacks "wholeness." Ron Hamel, Ph.D Health Progress, Dec. 2006

Concluding Considerations: Authenticity and integrity or inner harmony are related to the choices made on the basis of who we are and what we love. Jean S. Bolen, MD, The Ring of Power

Organizational Ethics