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Protozoa Tamboli A.Z. Dept. of zoology, S.M.Joshi College, Hadapsar. F.Y.B.Sc.

This article provides an overview of the general characteristics, classification, and ecological importance of protozoa, including their locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships. It also discusses the specific phyla of protozoa, such as Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Chlorophyta, Apicomplexa, and Ciliophora. Protozoa play a vital role in the aquatic food chain and exhibit various symbiotic relationships with multicellular organisms.

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Protozoa Tamboli A.Z. Dept. of zoology, S.M.Joshi College, Hadapsar. F.Y.B.Sc.

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  1. ProtozoaTamboli A.Z.Dept. of zoology, S.M.Joshi College, Hadapsar.F.Y.B.Sc.

  2. General Characteristics • Single-celled or unicellular organisms; some live in colonies; • Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000 microns). • No germ layers, tissues, or organs; • However, specialized intracellular "organelles" are present • Over 64, 000 species have been described; about 50, 000 are free-living

  3. Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia. • Symmetry = all types (bilateral, radial, spherical, or asymmetrical) • Free living, commensal, parasitic, or mutualistic • Mostly naked, but few have simple protective exoskeletons (tests), E.g. Arcella and Difflugia

  4. Nutrition = autotrophic (holophytic), saprozoic, saprophytic, or holozoic. • Reproduction: asexual = longitudinal and transverse binary fission, budding, multiple fission (sporogony, schizogony) • Sexual = syngamy, autogamy, conjugation

  5. List of Phyla • Phylum Sarcodina • Amoeba-like organisms (e.g. Amoeba, Entamoeba, Arcella) • Phylum Mastigophora • Phytomatigophorans (e.g. Euglena, Chlamydomonas) • Zoomastigophorans (e.g. Trypanosoma, Giardia, Trichonomas, Trichonympha) • Phylum Chlorophyta (e.g. Volvox) • Phylum Ciliophora (e.g. Paramecium, Balantidium,) • Phylum Apicomplexa (e.g. Plasmodium, Eimeria, Toxoplasma, Isospora)

  6. Phylum Sarcodina • Organisms move by pseudopodia, flagella, or a combination • Single nucleus, or monomorphic nuclei • Genera • Amoeba - without a test, naked (free-living) • Arcella - with a calcareous test (free-living) • Entamoeba - without a test(parasitic)

  7. Figure 11.10

  8. Amoeba Pseudopod Food Vacuole Contractile Vacuole Nucleus Phagocytosis Hyaline Cap

  9. Amoeba hunting food

  10. Arcella Test Nucleus Pseudopod Arcella

  11. Subphylum Euglenoidea • Plant like organisms; photosynthesis • Solitary • Symmetry is usually bilateral • Presence of stigma for light detection

  12. Euglena

  13. Euglena Chloroplasts Contractile Vacuole Flagellum not visible Stigma

  14. Kinetoplastida • Organisms are only heterotrophic • No chloroplasts present • all parasitic Red Blood Cells Organism Trypanosoma smear – cause of sleeping sickness

  15. Trypanasoma sp. Trypanosoma Red Blood Cells

  16. Leishmania sp Giardia sp

  17. Phylum Chlorophyta • Flagellated single or colonial organisms • All members are autotrophic, chloroplasts with chlorophyll • Genetically different from Euglenozoa

  18. Volvox life cycle

  19. Volvox Zygote Egg Mother Colony

  20. Phylum Apicomplexa • organisms do not have locomotor structures; • all species are parasitic • asexual reproduction involves multiple fission (schizogony, sporogony) Plasmodium smear – cause of Malaria

  21. Final Host Plasmodium – agent For malaria Vector

  22. Ring stage trophozoite merozoite Red blood cell Trophozooite

  23. Ring stage in red blood cell Ring stage – Early Trophozoite

  24. Schizont with merozoites in red blood cell Red blood cell Merozoites in the Schizont

  25. Female Male Gametocytes

  26. Phylum Ciliophora: The Ciliates • Organisms move by cilia • Usually two sizes of nuclei ; Macronucleus and micronucleus • Reproduction usually by transverse binary fission • Sexual reproduction by conjugation

  27. Paramecium

  28. Binary Fission – Asexual Reproduction

  29. Conjugation – sexual reproduction

  30. Vorticella

  31. Stentor

  32. Protozoa: Ecological Importance • Unicellular level of organization • Highly specialized organelles for various physiological processes • Prominent members of the aquatic food chain, especially detritivores and • Symbiosis is highly developed among members i.e. Commensals, parasites, mutuals, and detritivores with multicellular organisms

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