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Bioethics in Research: the Ethics of Indigeneity

Ninth Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR9). Mason Durie Massey University. Bioethics in Research: the Ethics of Indigeneity. Perspectives. Ethical Perspectives Convergence and divergence. Universality Diversity Distinctiveness. Universality. Universality.

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Bioethics in Research: the Ethics of Indigeneity

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  1. Ninth Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR9) Mason Durie Massey University Bioethics in Research:the Ethics of Indigeneity Perspectives

  2. Ethical PerspectivesConvergence and divergence • Universality • Diversity • Distinctiveness Universality

  3. Universality Many ethical values are held in common by people across nations, cultures, and ethnicities Avoid unneccesary pain & suffering Protect the young Value people Abide by community customs, ideals, conventions Respect property Diversity

  4. Diversity Not all people within the same group hold the same values, ideals, or perspectives A suburban orientation Whanau values A Christian focus BEING MAORI 2008 A tribal world view The culture of youth A global perspective Political ideologies Pragmatism Distinctiveness

  5. Distinctiveness Ethical expectations and norms of groups are built on their distinctive views, shared histories, values, and aspirations, Maori perspectives Tribal conventions Community standards The Kiwi tradition Religious persuasions Indigenous custom The New Zealand way Indigenous

  6. Indigenous Peoples • 5000 indigenous and tribal groups • 200 million people • 4% of the global population Distinctiveness

  7. Indigenous distinctiveness ? Colonised tribes A vulnerable population An ethnic minority Marginalised communities A Culturally different people Distinctive 2

  8. Indigenous distinctiveness • A close and enduring relationship with the environment • Autonomous social groupings that reflect territory • Knowledge systems based on environmental encounters • A sustainable economy • Unique culture & language Colonised tribes A vulnerable population An ethnic minority Marginalised communities A culturally different people 3 Characteristics

  9. Three Characteristics of Indigeneity • Ecological ties Mana whenua • Human encounters Mana tangata • Autonomy & self determination Mana whakahaere Maori

  10. Maori • Indigenous people of New Zealand • Tribal society (now largely urban) • Population 565,000 (15% of total population) • Median age 22 years • Increasing cultural fluency in younger age groups Rangi & Papa

  11. An ecological dimensionRangi & Papa • The earth mother and the sky father were forced apart by their children • Forests & birds • The elements • The seas, waters, fish • Crops • Ferns • Humankind • Separation enabled • life and light • But connections were retained Spiral

  12. Ahiowhio WhariteA Spiral of Ecological Synergy Outward flow of energy Building relationships People, land, flora, fauna, water, air, cosmos Smaller entities make sense when viewed in relationship to larger entities Relationships and context give rise to knowledge Centrifugal direction Identity

  13. A Grounded Human Identity • People are part of a wider ecological context • Tangata whenua People of the land • Turangawaewae A land-based reference point Mauri

  14. Organic and Inorganic relationships • All matter has life - a mauri • Connections with the wider • environment create a • dynamic relationship • Inner & outer energy chains • Carbon credits Relationships

  15. Relationships – foundations for understanding indigenous world views Relationships between: • People and the natural environment • Tangible and intangible dimensions • Organic and inorganic material • Past and future (intergenerational continuity) • The microscopic and the macroscopic • Tangata whenua (Hosts) and manuhiri (visitors) Marae

  16. Human Encounters Whare nui (Meeting House) Tangata whenua (‘People of the land’) Marae Atea A Forum for negotiating relationships Manuhiri (‘People with other land connections’) Marae Kawa

  17. Te Kawa o teMaraeDefining Safe Relationships • Social • conventions • Terms of • engagement • Level of • risk • Reciprocity • Tangata • whenua • Whaikorero • Tapu • Koha Autonomy

  18. Autonomy & Self determination:- a response to vulnerability The Treaty of Waitangi 1840 The State Potatau te Wherowhero 1858 The Maori King Tuheitia 2006 Implications

  19. Implications for Research Bioethics • Ecological Ties The ethics of eco-connectedness • Human Encounters The ethics of engagement • Autonomy and self determination The ethics of empowerment Eco-connect

  20. Ecological world views and bioethicsThe ethics of eco-connectedness • Synergies between people and the natural environment • Balance between human endeavours and environmental sustainability • Longstanding connections between species • All environmental forms have a unique ‘mauri’ Balance

  21. How does the research reach a balanced viewpoint between: • Human & environmental equilibrium • Climate change, carbon emissions • Human adaptation to the environment • Type II diabetes (living in consumer environments) • Species specificity • xenotransplantation • Species survival • Assisted reproductive technologies, organ donations • Stem cell research Engagement

  22. Mediation of human encountersThe Ethics of Engagement • Relationship building – assessing risk & motive • Time • Space • Agreement on terms • Mutual benefits • Mutual respect and mutually re-enforcement Implications

  23. Research Implications • Reason for engagement with Maori • Who to engage with ? • Where should engagement occur ? • Trusting relationship or ‘one off’ ? • A sample of Maori views or a sample of views on Indigeneity ? • Ownership & management of information & data Empowerment

  24. Autonomy and Self determinationThe ethics of empowerment Promoting ethics

  25. Promoting the ethics of indigeneity • Shifting researcher attitudes • Indigenising ethical standards and protocols Researcher attitudes

  26. Shifting researcher attitudes Ethical compliance Extension of vision Research method Research impacts Centripetal focus Centrifugal focus Recruitment Active participation Scientific merit Indigenous gain Consultation Relationship Indigenisation

  27. Indigenising ethical standards and protocols • Guidelines for researchers (HRC) • Bioethics Council Report • Maori framework for ethical review • (NEAC & Nga Pae o te Maramatanga) • WAI 292 Matauranga Maori • Claim to the Waitangi Tribunal • Protection of native flora, fauna, & Maori knowledge • A Maori Ethical Commission ? • Wider research interests: Health – environment - education - energy) Indigeneity

  28. The Ethics of Indigeneity The ethics of empowerment The ethics of eco-connectedness The ethics of engagement Autonomy & self determination Human encounters Ecological ties End

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