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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)

Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules). Module 31 Contemporary Perspectives on Personality: Trait and Social Cognitive James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Edited by Linda Zimmerman Worth Publishers. Contemporary Research-- The Trait Perspective. Trait

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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)

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  1. Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules) Module 31 Contemporary Perspectives on Personality: Trait and Social Cognitive James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Edited by Linda Zimmerman Worth Publishers

  2. Contemporary Research-- The Trait Perspective • Trait • a characteristic pattern of behavior • a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

  3. Contemporary Research-- The Trait Perspective • Personality Inventory • a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors • used to assess selected personality traits

  4. UNSTABLE Moody Touchy Anxious Restless Rigid Aggressive Sober Excitable Pessimistic Changeable Reserved Impulsive Unsociable Optimistic Quiet Active choleric melancholic INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED Passive phlegmatic sanguine Sociable Careful Outgoing Thoughtful Talkative Peaceful Responsive Controlled Easygoing Reliable Lively Even-tempered Carefree Calm Leadership STABLE The Trait Perspective • Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation

  5. The Trait Perspective • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) • the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests • originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) • now used for many other screening purposes

  6. The Trait Perspective • Empirically Derived Test • a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups • such as the MMPI

  7. Clinically significant range 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hypochondriasis (concern with body symptoms) Depression (pessimism, hopelessness) After treatment (no scores in the clinically significant range) Hysteria (uses symptoms to solve problems) Before treatment (anxious, depressed, and displaying deviant behaviors) Psychopathic deviancy (disregard for social standards) Masculinity/femininity (interests like those of other sex) Paranoia (delusions, suspiciousness) Psychasthenia (anxious, guilt feelings) Schizophrenia (withdrawn, bizarre thoughts) Hypomania (overactive, excited, impulsive) Social introversion (shy, inhibited) 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 T-score The Trait Perspective • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test profile

  8. The “Big Five” Personality Factors Trait Dimension Description Emotional Stability Calm versus anxious Secure versus insecure Self-satisfied versus self-pitying Extraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate versus reserved Openness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versus preference for routine Independent versus conforming Extraversion Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperative Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus careless Disciplined versus impulsive The Trait Perspective

  9. The Trait Perspective • With age, personality traits become more stable

  10. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Social-Cognitive Perspective • views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context • Reciprocal Determinism • the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

  11. Social-Cognitive Perspective

  12. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Personal Control • our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless • External Locus of Control • the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate

  13. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Internal Locus of Control • the perception that one controls one’s own fate • Learned Helplessness • the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

  14. Uncontrollable bad events Perceived lack of control Generalized helpless behavior Social-Cognitive Perspective • Learned Helplessness

  15. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Positive Psychology • the scientific study of optimal human functioning • aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive

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