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T ourism Impact Management and Plan for Chinese World Heritage Sites G reat Wall, Meili Snow Mountain, and Mount Huangshan. Rui Yang Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. World Heritage at China. Case 1: I ssues of The Great Wall. Brief description .
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Tourism Impact Management and Plan for Chinese World Heritage SitesGreat Wall,Meili Snow Mountain, and Mount Huangshan Rui Yang Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Brief description Date of Inscription: 1987 Criterion: C (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (vi) In 220 B.C., under Qin Shi Huang, sections of earlier walls were joined together to form a united defence system against invasions from the north. Construction continued up to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), when the Great Wall became the world's largest military structure.
Great Wall built during the Warring States Period (403—221B.C.) • The Great Wall built during Qin Period（221—206 B.C.)
The Lesser Square Fortification, Yumenguan Pass, The Western Han Great Wall
The Great Wall we find today dates back to the Ming period. It starts from the Yalu River in the east, stretches westward through Tianjin, Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, and ends at the Jiayuguan Pass, cutting across the northern parts of China for a distance of some 7,300 kilometrers.
Issues of Protection for GW • Integrity & Authenticity • Carrying Capacity • Communities • Imperfect Laws and Regulations • Fund
Integrity In 2002, some Chinese experts did a survey for the whole Great Wall. They found that only 20% of the whole wall were kept in good condition, less than 30% could see some evidence of the ancient wall. That means the other 50% of the wall are in dangerous conditions. How to keep the integrity of the Great Wall is a big challenge.
Authenticity Authenticity is also a problem I am worrying about. From this picture you could see the reconstruction of Juyongguan Pass. We could see a big difference between the new one and old one. Juyongguan Pass
Community Issue • Villagers’ Habitation in the tower of the Great Wall • “skin” was Peeled off by locals to get bricks
Carrying Capacity As other popular world heritage site in China, this picture shown the condition during the Golden weeks. There are two golden weeks in China, the first one is from May. 1-7, and the second one is from the Oct. 1-7. During these two weeks, both the heritage protection and the visitor experience are very bad.
Imperfect Laws & Regulations • Illegal building near the Great Wall • The high voltage electrical wire beside the Great Wall Because of imperfect law and regulations for the Great wall, there is no clear boundary of the heritage and its buffer zone. As a result we could see some mess just very close to the Great Wall.
Suggestions for Protecting GW • To designate a single NP instead of numerous pieces; • To identify the boundary of Great Wall WH and its buffer area; • To set up a single government agency who take care of all of the management issues; • To develop a good GMP is the first step.
Plan for Protected Area System of Beijing The Existing System The Planed System Some steps have been taken to improve the management of the great wall. For example, in last year, the Beijing Government asked me to develop a plan for Parks and Protected Area System of Beijing metropolis Region. In this plan, I suggested to protect the whole length of the Great Wall inside the Beijing metropolis Region, and I am happy to tell that this suggestion has been put into the new version of official plan, though there are still lots of difficulties to make this dream come true at the end.
Recent GMP Cases for Chinese WHs • GMP for Mount Tai World Mixed Heritage 1999-2001，2004- • GMP for Meili Snow Mountain NP at TPR WH, 2002-2003 • GMP for Mount Huang World Mixed Heritage 2002-2004 • GMP for Mount QianhuNP at TPR WH • GMP for Mount LaojunNP at TPR WH • GMP for Mount Wutai Nominated World Heritage Site • Plan for Parks and Protected Area System of Beijing metropolis Region
Method and Process of GMP • Stage 1- Survey:Region, Resource, Human Activities, Facilities, Land-use, Communities, and Management Mechanism • Stage 2- Analysis:SWOT, Stakeholders Analysis • Stage 3- Assessment:Value, Resource Importance and Vulnerabilities • Stage 4- Planning:Objectives-Strategies-Zoning-Action Plan • Stage 5- Impact Analysis:EIA, SIA, VIA • Stage 6- Decision Making: • Stage 7- Monitoring and Implementation:
Case 2:GMP for Meili Snow Mountain NP at Three Parallel Rivers WH
The three parallel rivers world heritage site is inscribed into world heritage list in 2003, which is evaluated by IUCN experts as one of the top five world natural heritage sites around the world.
Setting Policy Goals and Management Objectives • ARV: Analysis of Park’s Value and Resources • ASC: Analysis of Stakeholder’s Concerns To fulfill the mission of the park, the first step of the plan is to set the policy goals and management objectives. This comes from two analysis: analysis of Park’s Value and Resources, and analysis of Stakeholder’s Concerns.
Resource Assessment • SA: Significance Assessment • VA: Vulnerability Assessment It is not enough to evaluate the significance of the resources only; the evaluation of resource sensitivity constitutes an equally important arm. To give a not very proper example, there are two pandas, equal in importance, but one is in good health and not very sensitive to the surrounding environment while the other is in poor health and therefore sensitive to the surrounding environment. Given this, the carrying capacity of the two pandas are different and so the protection measures and intensity should vary accordingly. And here lies the very reason for doing resource sensitivity evaluation.
Conservation Degree Spectrum Bases on the resource assessment we developed a conservation degree spectrum which is very important to make the management policies. The coldest color in this spectrum represents areas with the highest level of resource significance and sensitivity, and are therefore areas requiring the maximum protection and minimum utilization. The warmest part of the spectrum represents areas with the lowest level of resource significance and sensitivity, and are therefore areas requiring the minimum protection and maximum utilization. Other parts mark in-between conditions.
Stakeholders • Local Communities • County Government • Provincial Government • Conservation Organizations • Central Government • Investors • … …
Park Mission • As a national park with Tibetan holy mountains, most important and significant natural habitats and rare low-latitudes and low-elevation glaciers, the purposes of the park are to preserve for scientific study, access by Tibetan pilgrims, Eco-tourism and cultural tourism.
Policy Goals • Conserving effectively the park’s eco-system and natural and cultural resources; • Increasing the economic and social development level for the local communities through sustainable tourism; • Providing various visitor experiences to enjoy the park’s outstanding values.
Management Objectives • 13 items for conservation • 5 items for community management • 4 items for tourism and visitor experience management
Strategies Based on SWOT Analysis • Management based on scientific research • Alternative Energy • Eco-tourism and Cultural Tourism • Community Education
Management zones • 245 sub-zones, and 18 types of management policies • Each management policy has management objectives, management guidelines and monitoring indicators.
Definitions, Management Objectives and Distribution of management zones
Management Policies for Human Activities • For each category of sub-zones, 53 types of human Activities will be under management and control
Management Policies for Facilities • For each category of sub-zones, 33 types of facilities and infrastructures will be under management and control land uses • 10 types of land uses are under control
Topics in Mt. Huangshan Case Study • Monitoring Indicators and Standards • Visitors’ space-time Distribution model
