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LECTURE 9

LECTURE 9. The “Eastern Question”. Critical dimensions of the Question:. European great power dynamics and politics, Rise of nationalism especially in the Balkans, Ottoman Empire’s oscillation between repression and reform. Reforms:. Inter alia Hatt-i Serif Gulhane November 1839

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LECTURE 9

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  1. LECTURE 9 The “Eastern Question”

  2. Critical dimensions of the Question: • European great power dynamics and politics, • Rise of nationalism especially in the Balkans, • Ottoman Empire’s oscillation between repression and reform.

  3. Reforms: • Inter alia • Hatt-i Serif Gulhane November 1839 • Hatt-I Humayun February 1856 • National anthem and Ottoman flag 1844 • Visit to Europe by Abdulaziz 1867 • Modernize Ottoman Navy 1875 • Kanun-I Esasi November 1876

  4. Revolts: • Adriatic coast in July 1875 • Bosnia and Macedonia September 1875 • Bulgaria in 1876, massacres in April-May change mood in Europe

  5. Wars:June-September 1876: • Serbia defeated by Osman Pasha, • Constantinople (Tersane) Conference called in December 1876 • Sultan’s declares of a new constitution pre-empts conference proceedings. • Russia declares war to Ottoman Empire in April 1877. • Balkan states drawn into. • Russia takes Sofia and moves towards Istanbul Ottomans completely defeated in February 1878.

  6. Treaty of San Stefan, Yeşilköy, March 1878 • Recognize independence of Rumania, enlarged Serbia and Montenegro • Northern Dobruja to Russia and Russia gave it to Rumania in return for southern Bessarabia • Bulgaria emerge as a large autonomous principality with Christian government and own army • Caucasus towns to Russia, including Ardahan, Artvin, Beyazit and Kars • Promise of reforms for Bosnia, Crete, Epirus and Thessaly • Destroy Danube fortifications • Pay war indemnity • Straits declared open to all neutral shipping at war and peace time

  7. Berlin Congress June-July 1878

  8. Berlin Congress June-July 1878 continued… Parties: Austria, Britain, Germany, Italy, France, Ottoman Empire and Russia • Russia takes Caucassian towns and Bessarabia from Rumania • Bulgaria cut back in size by exclusion of Eastern Rumelia and Macedonia and declared autonomous, Bulgaria proclaimed full independence in 1908 • Rumelia and Macedonia back to the Ottoman Empire • Austria to occupy and administer Bosnia • Britain appropriated Cyprus, “place of arms” • France free hand in Tunisia

  9. Berlin Congress June-July 1878 continued… • Complete independence to the principalities of Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro, they declared themselves kingdoms subsequently in 1881, 1882 and 1910 • Religious minorities given special status and this new system would be taken up subsequently by the League of Nations • Promise to protect Armenians against “Circassians and Kurds” but rebellion in 1894 brutally repressed • Treaty also called for rectification of the border between the Ottoman Empire and Greece, after long negotiations in 1881 Thessaly given to Greece. Subsequently Crete revolt in 1896, 1897 skirmishes between Greece and Ottoman Empire, driven back, Ottomans paid an indemnity by Greece and cede villages. Crete receives greater autonomy, appoints a Greek governor and demilitarized. Crete annexed by Venizilos in 1905

  10. By 1908 Ottoman Empire crumbling. Five states had emerged Bulgaria, Greece, Rumania, Montenegro and Rumania.

  11. Young Turks (1908) International consequences: • Austria annexed Bosnia and inflamed Serbians, Ferdinand of Bulgaria declared complete independence, not much reaction to the violation of the Berlin Treaty. Bulgaria moves closer to Russia, Serbia turns against Austria and also closer to Russia. Austria weakened. German pressure to get Russia to recognize Austrian rule in Bosnia fails, Three Emperor’s League weakened, Austria closer to Germany versus France and Russian growing alliance. • Italy seized Libya in 1911 as well as Rhodes and Dodecanese islands recognized by the Ouchy Treaty of October 1911, • Balkan wars

  12. Balkan Wars:

  13. London Conference and Treaty May 1913 • Albania was declared independent; with Serbia, Montenegro and Greece being obliged to withdraw their forces. • The Sanjak of Novi Pazar was divided between Serbia and Montenegro. • Bulgaria received Thrace north of the line between Enos on the Aegean Sea and Midia on the Black Sea. • No definitive decision was taken about the division of Macedonia because of disagreements between the allies. Parties not satisfied Balkan League breaks up, Serbia occupies Macedonia take Edirne with Bulgarians and Greece takes Thessaloniki

  14. Second Balkan War: • June 1913 Bulgaria attacks Greece and Serbia • Turkey recovers Edirne and Rumania enters the war against Rumania over Dobruja that had not been transferred after 1878.

  15. Treaty of Bucharest August 1913 • Bulgaria ceded most of Dobruja to Rumania but obtained some territories from Macedonia • Serbia increase its territoriy by almost a half and its population by 1,5 million • Greece kept souther Macedonia and Bulgaria coast on the Aegean shrunk to 70 miles, Janina was incroporated into Greece as well as many islands in the Aegean Sea, Greece territory hence almost doubled as well as population

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