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Chapter 3: Migration

Chapter 3: Migration. General Characteristics Ravenstein’s Laws Zelinsky’s Migration Transition. Mobility (the ability to move from one place to another). regular non-permanent movements “cyclical” (shorter time periods) commuting nomadism activity space = created by cyclical patterns

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Chapter 3: Migration

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  1. Chapter 3: Migration General Characteristics Ravenstein’s Laws Zelinsky’s Migration Transition

  2. Mobility (the ability to move from one place to another) • regular non-permanent movements • “cyclical” (shorter time periods) • commuting • nomadism • activity space = created by cyclical patterns • “periodic” (longer time periods) • migrant labor/military service • seasonal ??? = college students/“snow birds” • transhumance (migratory travel with herds of livestock) = significant

  3. Migration • is a permanent move to a new location • leads to relocation diffusion of culture • emigration • leaving a country/location (emigrant) • immigration • coming to a country/location (immigrant) • net in-migration/net out-migration

  4. Migration Patterns Overview • spatial differentiation • Internal • Interregional vs. intraregional • International • Zelinsky’s Migration Transition • action/reason differentiation • Forced • Refugees vs. internally displaced persons (IDPs) • Voluntary • Ravenstein’s 11 Laws of Migration

  5. Why Do People Migrate? • Push factors • unfavorable conditions which force people away • Pull factors • favorable conditions which draw people in • Intervening obstacles/opportunities • Historically, environmental (oceans, mountains, etc.) • Today, improvements in transportation have reduced environmental obstacles • Modern obstacles = governmental restrictions • → Ravenstein’s Law # 2 = step migration

  6. E.G. RAVENSTEIN British sociologist • 11 LAWS OF MIGRATION are based on the Gravity Model = the influence of a location on another is inversely related to its distance and directly related to its size: • Most migration is over a short distance. • Migration occurs in steps. • Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas (economic hubs). • Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume). • Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers. • Within their own country/region females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over longer distances. • Most migrants are adults. • Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase. • Migration increases with economic development. • Most migration moves from rural to urban • Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

  7. Reasons • Economic • poverty, no job opportunities, lack of land (push) • job opportunities, availability of land (pull) • ECONOMICS is the biggest migration factor! • Ravenstein #11 • Environmental • Water (too much or too little) = most common • Famine, natural disasters (push) • Desirable features/climate, etc. (pull) • Cultural (Rubenstein) = all other factors • Social, political and cultural • special legal status, power relationships, political circumstances, war/conflict, safety to practice culture

  8. Migration Patterns • Technological advances increase migration • “chain migration” = movement along kinship links • create “immigration waves” • Immigration bubbles from one hearth to the same destination • Haitians, Cubans  “Little Haiti”, “Little Havana” in Miami • Turks  Germany = need for migrant labor • Italians  NY/NJ • Irish  Boston • Poles  Northwest Side of Chicago

  9. Migrant Characteristics • Gender • International migration (#6) • males outnumbered females • More willing to migrate long distances, risk takers? • But (new trend): In the United States today • 55% of immigrants are female • Internal migration (#6) • Women are a more significant migrants (urbanization flow in LDCs) • Family status/age • In the United States today • about 40% of immigrants = young adults (#7) • Less elderly and children (Δing because of incr. in women) • Therefore: • Most long-distance (International) migrants are young male adults rather than families with children • Ravenstein #6 and #7

  10. Migration patterns (distance) • Internal migration (2 spatial types) • Interregional • movement between regions within a country • westward migration, Great Migration, etc. • “Rust Belt” to “Sun Belt” (1970s – current) • urbanization =“rapid growth of cities” • biggest migration in LDCs/world today (stage 2)

  11. Migration patterns (distance) • Internal migration (2 spatial types) • Interregional • movement between regions within a country • westward migration, Great Migration, etc. • “Rust Belt” to “Sun Belt” (1970s – current) • urbanization =“rapid growth of cities” • biggest migration in LDCs /world (stage 2) • Intraregional • movement w/in region (suburbs are part of urban region) • suburbanization • biggest post-WWII migration pattern in US

  12. Intraregional Migration in the United States Migration between cities, suburbs, and non-metropolitan areas in the U.S. in 2010.

  13. International migration • Two action types • Voluntary • subject of Ravenstein’s Laws • Overall migration/urbanization/out-migration most prevalent in Stage 2 countries • Less agricultural workers needed • jobs in cities • Most migration is rural to urban. (Ravenstein #10) • In-migration most prevalent in Stage 3 and 4 • Economic opportunity pull factors • Ravenstein #11

  14. Zelinsky’s Migration Transition • Stage 1 • Stage 2 • transhumance, 1st wave of imperialism • Massive Interregional urbanization (Great migration, squatter settlements) • International out-migration (LDCs → MDCs)

  15. International Migration Flows in LDCs • Migration to neighboring countries • Short term economic opportunities  To reconnect with cultural groups across borders • To flee political conflict or war Islands of development: Places where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated

  16. Zelinsky’s Migration Transition • Stage 1 • Stage 2 • Stage 3 • Stage 4 • Stage 5 • transhumance, 1st wave of imperialism • Massive Interregional urbanization (Great migration, squatter settlements) • International out-migration (LDCs → MDCs) • International in-migration begins (late stage) • Rural to urban continues but slows • City-to-city migration begins • International in-migration (urban areas grow through migration) • Internal rural to urban stops • Intraregional migration (suburbanization) • Discourage emigration/Encourage immigration?

  17. International migration • Two action types • Forced • Refugee = person forced to leave their home and cross an international border and can’t return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. • “displaced person” or • Internally displaced person (IDP) • Examples of large forced migrations • Slavery (Atlantic Slave Trade) • “Trail of Tears”/Native Americans made to live on reservations

  18. Refugees: Sources and Destinations

  19. Hotspots for refugees and IDPs (see reading for update) • major sources of refugees/IDPs: • Syria • Iraq • Afghanistan • Palestinian Territories • Sudan • Somalia • Congo • Myanmar (Burma) • Colombia

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