Anti-malarial Plants Products of Mali:

1. Anti-malarial Plants Products of Mali: Chiaka Diakité Department of Traditional Medicine (DMT) Bamako Nairobi, 20-22 March 2006

2. Plan of presentation • Introduction • Traditional treatment • Medicinal plants used for Malaria • Reseach,objectives,strategies,results • Economic importance of medicinal plants • Conclusion

3. Introduction • In Africa 80% of the population uses Traditional Medicine for sociocultural & economic reasons • In Mali, poverty exacerbates the difficulties of access to primary health care • The majority of the population resorts to Traditional Medicine for treatment of malaria

4. Introduction Malaria is a public health problem • 300 – 500 million clinical cases annually worldwide • 1.1-2.7 million deaths each year • 28% absenteeism from school • 3.5 days of temporary disability per person per year • > 2 million USD in direct & indirect costs for malaria in Africa

5. Introduction In Mali: • 1993 – National program to fight against malaria • 42% of deaths amongst infants & juveniles • Leading cause of mortality (13%) • Leading cause of morbidity (15.6%)

6. Introduction • For the treatment of malaria poeple self medicate - With modern medicines - With traditonal medicines - A combination of both medicines • Treatment at the health center • Treatment at the traditional healer clinic

7. Traditional Treatment of Malaria In Traditional Medicine the treatment of malaria is based on the use of prescriptions of plant-based medicines with some animal products Preparation is by steeping or infusing decoctions of plants & parts of plants in water The prescription is administered as a drink, as a bath, as a steam bath or as a fumigation

8. Some medicinal plants used for malaria in Mali • Scientific Names Bamana Names • Glinus oppositifolius L. Balassa • Vernonia colorata Will. Kô safunè • Cassia sieberiana D. C. Sindjan • Cochlospermum tinctorium A. N´tiribara • Anogeissus leiocarpus D. C.N´galama • Combretum glutinosum PerrexTchangara blé • Guiera senegalensis J. F.N´kundjè

9. Some medicinal plants used for malaria in Mali Scientific Names Bamana Names • Alchornea cordifolia SchumachDunféké • Chrosophora senegalensis Lam.Dabada • Psorospermum guineense Hochr.Karidjakouma • Khaya senegalensis Desr.Djala • Trichilia roka Forst.Soulafinzan • Acacia senegal L. WilldDonkari • Entada africana Guill. Perr.Samanèrè • Parkia biglobosa Jacq.Nèrè

10. Some medicinal plants used for malaria in Mali • Scientific Names Bamana Names • Ficus thonnigii Blume Doubalé • Oxytenanthera abyssinica Munro Bô • Gardenia ternifolia Schum.Bouré tchè • Mitragyna inermis Willd.Jun • Nauclea latifolia Sm.Baro • Fagara zanthoxyloïdes Lam.Wô • Lippia chevalieri MoldenkeN´ganiba

11. Research by DMT • Research into anti-malarial activities of plants • The fight against carriers (vectors) • The implications for workers in Traditional Medicine in the fight against malaria

12. Research Objectives • To place at the disposal of the population effective anti-malarial medicines at reduced cost which are based on local products • To arrange effective anti-larval medicines that cause little harm to the environment

13. Research Strategies • Collaboration with traditional therapists • Collection of ethnobotanical information of medicinal plants • Compilation of medicinal plant bibliographies • Laboratory testing & clinical studies

14. Research Results • ´´ Malarial ´´ is a mixture of 3 plants wich is used against Malaria of Plasmodium falciparum - Cassia occidentalis - Lippia chevalieri - Spilanthes oleracea • ´´Argemone.Mexicana ´´is a single plant used against Malaria

15. A. mexicana

16. Production of Malarial • Table of malarial production at the DMT • Period Quantity • 2000 - • 2001 - • 2002 7.913 • 2003 6.645 • 2004 4.386 • 2005 4.715

17. Traditional Healer collecting medicinal plants

18. Traditional healer and malaria treatment Bandiagara’s Experience • 45 healers was formed to the signs and symptoms of uncomplicated and complicated Malaria • In ten months 3797 patients were diagnosed • 114 were refered to the health center • 34 died

19. Urban Use of Medicinal Plants • Today, despite urbanisation, the population continues to treat itself with medicinal plants • However personal use is based upon market supply & demand: • Little or no respect for the plants • Excessive exploitation • Over harvesting • Wastage & conservation problems

20. The Market for Medicinal Plants • Across Malian towns one encounters many sales points for medicinal plants: • In the markets • Along the main roads • Travelling salespersons • More & more the sale of medicinal plants is improving & better organised

21. The Market for Medicinal Plants • Today medicinal plants are sold by: 1) Herbalists • Improved traditional herbalists in the markets of Medine & Hamdallaye • Authorised herbalists 2) Pharmacies

25. Market of medicinal plants in Bamako

26. Plant-based Medicines • Medicinal plants are used by: • The population for self-medication • Traditional health practitioners in the treatment of their patients • DMT for the production of enhanced Traditional Medicines • Exporters for supply of international markets of herbal medicines

27. Economic Importance of Medicinal Plants • A study conducted in Burkina Faso estimated the annual consumption per person per annum is about 500g at an approximate cost of 2,200F CFA (Banque mondiale – PROMETRA – Burkina Faso, 2003) • This correlates with a city like Bamako, with an annual consumption of about 600 tonnes of medicinal plants at a value of 2,640, 000,000F CFA • The world market for traditional plant-based medicines is estimated at 60 million USD • (Strategie de l’OMS pour La Medicine Traditionelle 2002-2005)

28. Industrial Production of Plant-based Medicines • In Mali, the population makes up the principal source of medicinal plants • Today, large scale production of plant-based medicines is a compelling obligation to enable fulfilment of the health care needs of the population of Mali & of elsewhere • This production ultimately has the ability to lead to significant problems in relation to natural space & the depletion of plant-based medicines

29. Regeneration of medicinal plants Culture of Spilanthes oleracea

30. Plant-based Medicines & Biodiversity • The results of a study conducted by DMT on ‘Medicinal plants sold in the Bamako markets – conservation & biodiversity’ showed that the scarcity of medicinal plants in nature & the disappearance of certain of these, are among the main causes of the lack of stock of some medicinal plants at Bamako herbalists • 30% of rare plants are those frequently used against pathologies associated with ‘Sumaya’ & malaria

31. Conclusion • For the production & commercialisation of plant-based medicines in Mali it is necessary for: • Participative action involving traditional health practitioners, herbalists, researchers, non-government organisations, the private sector & decision-makers • Appropriate organisation & regulation • The consideration of self & other interests • The capture of ideas & experiences of traditional medicine practitioners

32. Conclusion • The strengthening of experiences such as ‘The International Week of Traditional African Medicine’ (SIMTA) organised by the Malian Federation of traditional therapists & herbalists (FEMBATH) to promote expansion, production & marketing of plant-based medicines in Mali and in Africa

33. Thank you