當我觀賞，神，你廣大的創造， 天空、地面、萬有無數無邊， 形形色色，壯麗、奇觀又微妙， 大大小小說出你的無限；

1. 當我觀賞，神，你廣大的創造， 天空、地面、萬有無數無邊， 形形色色，壯麗、奇觀又微妙， 大大小小說出你的無限； 副：我心、我靈立即興起讚美： 你何希奇！ 你何偉大！ 讚美之聲永世還要宏偉； 你何希奇！你何偉大！

4. 大爆炸 • 和 你

5. The Universe and Us The Universe provides everything our biological lives require to live: air, water, food, energy … which we share with all other living things on earth But among all living things, we alone can ask: “How did it happen?” because we have a thinking mind (and emotion, and will.) Did the Universe, and us, just ‘happen’? Let us take a look.

6. What we know about the Universe • Comes from ‘looking at the stars’ using our eyes and later with telescopes • Historically such observations had been limited by the earth’s atmosphere • Major breakthrough with the Hubble Space Telescope in the last decade The Universe is mostly empty space – average density is only 10-30 gm/cc, less than one atom per cubic meter at present.

7. The Universe is mostlyempty space, but with many galaxies, each with many stars. >1011galaxies Each Galaxy has > 1011 star systems

8. Within each galaxy there are many stars Our solar system is but one of the 1011 in our galaxy.

9. The Universe is BIG but quite empty. How empty? If you can travel at velocity of light (3x108 m/s), you will: go around the earth in ~0.1 sec to the sun in 8 minutes, to Pluto in 9 hours to the next star in our own galaxy in 1 year to the edge of our own galaxy in 30,000 years to the next galaxy in 10 M years to the edge of observable universe in >10B Years

10. Is the Universe Changing?Yes! • How do we know? (The universe has been around for a very, very long time, and much much older than human civilization!) • Edwin Hubble in 1927 made the key observation.

11. Hubble’s Observation of the expanding universe The further away is the star, the faster is its velocity going away from the observer! (Riess, Press & Kirshner (1996)) 1 Mpc = 3 x 1022 m

12. Cosmic Expansion • Hubble’s Law implies that the expansion of the universe is uniform, i.e. the percentage increase in space is a constant in different places and no space expands more than others. • A bread-and-raisins model is often used to make the analogy. After baking the dough into bread it increases in volume by, say, three times. The more dough between two raisins, the more expansion; and the raisins move faster away from each other.

13. The Three Pillars(and many other pillars) that support BB Theory • Observation of receding galaxies ( Hubble’s Law). • Observation of CBR, now at 30K, remnant of the BB 13.7 B years ago. • Cosmic abundances of H, He and other light elements (formed 3 minutes after the BB, 13.7B years ago!).

14. The First Three Minutes • Note that we are talking about the whole Universe – everything we now have were there at the beginning – all the masses, all the energy ... (therefore it was VERY hot) • As the universe expand, electrons and protons and neutrons formed, and Hydrogen atoms ‘fused’ to form He. But this process stopped at 73% H, 24% He, and 3% heavy elements at about 3 mins after the BB • It was very important H did notall turn into He! Can happen ONLY with a particular expansion rate – and that was the observed rate.

15. ‘Big Bang’ Model: Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR) If there is a BB, Einstein’s GR can be used to calculate the (much cooler) temperature now, and the expected temperature is about 3 degrees Kelvin, or (-2700C). This background radiation should be ‘cosmic’ in character, i.e., everywhere and every direction you look. This was observed in 1965.

16. And this was observed, by chance, by .. two scientists working at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Penzias and Wilson, in 1965. They were working on microwave transmission (which lead to the technology for our mobile phones), and, in particular, how to eliminate unwanted background noise. But they found that they can never get rid of this‘background noise’, no matter when and where they looked. This turn out to be the background radiation from the Big Bang!

17. The BB Model is now universally accepted by scientists ... “Recently, a group of astronomers led by Dr. William Percival at the University of Edinburgh reported .. the most precise parameters .. The Universe.. is 13.89 billions years old, +/- 0.5 B year.” as reported in the New York Times July 23, 2002 “Big Bang Confirmation.”.. the universe is 13.7 B years old, +/- 1%, .. by weight it is 4% atoms, 23% dark matter, .. and 73% dark energy. And it is geometrically flat ...(Wt= 1.02+/- .02) .. will expand foreverNew York Times,Feb 12, 2003 reporting on the publication of the first- year data from the WMAP project

18. A perfectly uniform expanding universe? How about you and me? Perfectly uniform temperature would imply that the universe is perfectly uniform in matter distribution. The average density of matter in the universe now is very, very low: 10-30 g/cm3(What is your density? About 1 g/cm3) If matter were distributed totally uniformly, there won’t be you or me. Fortunately, it was not perfectly uniform.

19. The Universe cannot be PERFECTLY uniform to start with! 10-30gm/cc Actual

20. The Big Bang must have been started with just the right amount of ‘unevenness' ... and this was observed in WMAP Big Bang Confirmation! Feb 12, 2003

21. From BB to now, to you and me. • Those small deviations started and grew into the galaxies, stars, the Sun, the Earth, you and me! Time 13.7 B Yrs 105 now BB Galactic Stars Sun Earth life you and me

22. 大爆炸理論簡說 • 整個物質宇宙，包括物質、能量，甚至是時空的四個度量，都是從那無限（或接近無限）密度、溫度與壓力的狀態中爆炸出來的。 • 宇宙從一個小於針點的體積開始，不斷膨脹，直到如今。 • 此大爆炸理論是最能解釋宇宙之源的理論

23. 宇宙有一個開始 • 一百三十多億年前，開始了一個大爆炸，形成了宇宙，這段時間可以說是非常的長。 • 但是對倡導進化論的人來說，卻是不夠長。 • 因為沒有足夠的時間，讓『偶發機率』來進行 • 也沒有足夠的時間，讓生命體藉著自然過程中作重大的改變， • 並且，適合生命化學的條件在漫長的過去中只佔一短暫的部分。

24. To Support Life, must have: • A steady source of energy – the Sun • A planet • at the proper distance from the source of energy, and rotates at the right speed • with the right mass (gravity – not too much, not too little.) • with water (in liquid form.) • with a proper atmosphere (N2, O2, CO2...) at the right pressures How ‘special’ are we in this Universe? In the solar system?

25. The Sun: the source of energy The source of the Sun’s energy is nuclear fusion: changing Hydrogen into Helium. (It is by far the MAIN source of energy for the entire Universe.) What if the BB was just a little bit different, and 100% (instead of only 24%) of the H were changed to He? There will be no energy from stars like the sun. (We know how to make the Hydrogen bomb for 50 years– but we still don’t know how to control it to give usable energy for peaceful use.)

26. The Steady Sun – balancing between gravity and fusion • Gravity pulls the hydrogen fuel inward to high pressure allowing fusion to take place • Fusion produces energy and heat and pushes out • For certain sizes, the two can balance to be a steady source of energy

27. Is the Sun the right size? • The Sun will give a steady output for 10 B years • A slight bigger star (1.4 x Sun) will burn much quicker and last only 3 B Yrs. • A smaller star (0.5x Sun) will last longer, but will provide much less energy, and the wrong color of light.

28. Venus（金星） Mars（火星）

29. Is the Earth ‘just right’? • Can compare with our nearest planets, Venus （金星） and Mars （火星）

30. Venus, Earth and Mars: similar (‘terrestrial planets’) • Venus and earth about the same size Mars is smaller – radius about ½ of earth, • Venus is 0.72 AU. and Mars is 1.52 AU from the Sun. (Earth-Sun distance is 1 AU) Are they habitable (in the life form that we know) ?

31. Are they habitable? • Earth: Temp 140 C, Air pressure: 1 atm • 78% N2 , 21% O2 , 0.03% CO2 • Venus:Temp 4570 C, Air Press. 93atm • 96.5% CO2, 3.5% N2 • Mars: Temp –550 C, Air Press: 0.007atm • 95.3% CO2, 2.7% N2 Only Earth surface has significant amount of water in liquid form (temp between 0 and 1000 C) Why such differences in temperature?

32. Importance of the ‘Greenhouse Effect’ Surface temperature is determined by the amount of heat the planet receives from the Sun (distance from the sun) minus the amount of heat loss from the planet. Certain gases (water vapour, CO2, ..) can ‘trap’ heat, much like a Greenhouse and can significantlyaffect the surface temperature.

33. Why such differences in Surface temperature? • Venus has 93 Atm of mostly CO2 and strong Greenhouse effect raising the surface temperature by almost 4000 C! • Mars has little atmosphere and no Greenhouse effect. • For Earth, this Greenhouse effect increase is 350 C. • Very important, since it changes from –210 C (as determined by the earth’s distance to the sun) to +140 C. (Combined effect from water vapor and CO2)

34. Living things have altered the earth's oceans, land surfaces, and atmosphere. Photosynthetic organisms are responsible for the oxygen that makes up about a fifth of the earth's atmosphere. Graphic by Leigh Coriale Design and Illustration, adapted from Essential Cell Biology, Garland Publishing, Inc.

35. 一個恰到好處的宇宙 • 電子與質子的數目相等必須精確到1037分之一，否則電磁力會克服各種引力，以致星系、星體和行星都不能形成。 • 宇宙的膨脹速度必須精確的平衡（1055分之一），使生命能存在。 • 其他如：宇宙的年齡、星體的距離、逃逸速度、電磁力常數與引力常數的比例等，都必須非常精確，才能使生命能存在。

36. 一個恰到好處的宇宙？ • 宇宙中至少有五十多項的特點，其數值必須要精確到非常狹窄的範圍內，才有我們的生存機會。 • William Paley 的『錶匠論據』 • George Greenstein 說，『當我們勘察所有證據時，我們會想到…一個神聖者的必然參與過。…神是否曾經介入，又為我們親自斧鑿出這個宇宙？』

37. Evolution in a nutshell • Principle of variation : there is significant variation among individuals from a population of a species. • Principle of heredity : this variation is at least partly inherited – offspring resemble their parents more than they do to other individuals • Principle of natural selection : different variants leave different number of offspring. There three principle are “necessary and sufficient conditions for evolutionary change by natural selection” (Lewontin)

38. Definition of Species • Species: “A group of organisms that can potentially breed with each other to produce fertile offspring and cannot breed with the members of other such groups.” (This is the so called ‘biological definition of species’.)

39. The Theory of Evolution has evolved. • “On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection” by Charles Darwin, 1859 • Genetics (Gregor Mendel paper of 1865, but forgotten until 1890) • ‘Modern Synthesis of Evolution’ 1930’s • Molecular Biology (1950 on and continuing): molecular basis of mutations (variation) and heredity.

40. Evidence consistent with (or supporting) Biological Evolution • Fossil Record (and Radioactive Dating): sequential order • Common Structures: similarities • Biogeography: distribution of species • Molecular Biology: Same code, same sets of 20 amino acid, ‘molecular clock’

41. Arguments for the Theory of Evolution • The set of three starting principles – ‘necessary and sufficient conditions for evolutionary change by natural selection’, - are reasonable. • ‘The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of works that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favor of this theory’ (Pope John Paul II, 1996) • It is the best (some would say the only) scientific theory by which we can understand this vast amount of observational data from diverse fields from fossils to genetics to molecular biology.

42. Fish Salamander Turtle Chicken Pig Cow Rabbit Human (by Ernst Haeckel, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Plates 4 & 5 from 18917d.25)

43. “Contrary to recent claims that all vertebrate embryos pass through a stage when they are the same size, we find a greater than 10-fold variation in greatest length at the tailbud stage. Our survey seriously undermines the credibility of Haeckel’s drawings, which depicts not a conserved stage for vertebrates, but a stylised amniote embryo. ”

44. 脊柱 内脏 腿 臂 Haeckel的人胚胎 人的胚胎

45. Domain of Theory of Evolution • Recall the three principles: variation, heredity, differing numbers of offspring • These all refer to living species and their living offspring. • Evolution says nothing – and cannot say anything - about how the first living things come into being (from non-living things).

46. Does Evolution PROVE that man came from chimpanzees? • The strongest statement one can made is “the same forces responsible for the evolution of all other life forms on Earth can account for the evolution of human beings” • But evolution (or science in general) can never prove that man evolved from chimps. • Logically, accepting ‘when it rains, the ground is wet’ and the observation that the ground is wet, taken together DOES NOT PROVE that it rained.

47. Is Man Unique? • Genetically close relationship between man and chimpanzee (thought to be >98% ... ) • How was this measured? • But “Man is indeed as unique, as different from all other animals, as had been traditionally claimed by theologians and philosophers. This is both our pride and our burden.” E. Mayr “What Evolution is” (2001)

48. Is Man Unique? • Only man can transfer (non-genetic) information from generation to generation by speech and writing • ‘Thinking and intelligence are widespread among warm-blooded vertebrates (birds and mammals). But human intelligence seems to surpass that of even the most intelligent animals by orders of magnitude.’ E. Mayr • Our brain size (1350 cc) is larger than Chimps (<500 cc) – but actually smaller than Neanderthals (1600 cc). And, ‘the human brain seems not to have changed one single bit since the first appearance of Homo sapiens, some 150,000 years ago.’ (E. Mayr) • Why are we so different?

49. And, scientific discoveries continue ... • Completion of the Human Genome Project allows comparison between the human and chimp genome • This comparison was recently done for a 1.8 Mbp (out of about 3B bp) stretch of genome. • “ ..importantly, this 98.6% sequence identity drops to only 86.6% taking into account the multiple insertions/deletions (indels) dispersed throughout the region.” ... “This indel-included 86.6% identity may be a better representation of whole genome sequence similarity between the human and the chimpanzee.” (PNAS, June 24, 2003.). • Science will continue its discoveries …

50. The Universe and You the Universe The BB Model from the WMAP data. Our mind can understand why the sun shines, why the earth is habitable, and that the universe is 13.7 B years old ...