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Skeletal and Muscular System

Skeletal and Muscular System. Support and Locomotion. Function : to protect, hold up body and move it from place to place Definitions: Motile - capable of locomotion Locomotion - being able to move one's self from place to place Sessile - stationary, staying in one place.

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Skeletal and Muscular System

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  1. Skeletal and Muscular System

  2. Support and Locomotion Function: to protect, hold up body and move it from place to place Definitions: • Motile- capable of locomotion • Locomotion- being able to move one's self from place to place • Sessile- stationary, staying in one place

  3. Advantages of Locomotion • Easier to get food • Easier to find a suitable place to live and away from harmful conditions. • Allows organism to escape from enemies or seek shelter • Allows organism to find mates and reproduce

  4. Locomotion in Protists • Pseudopods- “false feet”, cytoplasm moves by flowing and extending the pseudopods [e.g. - amoeba] • Cilia and Flagella- short hair like structures (paramecium) or long whip like (euglena)

  5. Locomotion in Earthworms- • alternating contractions of outer-circular muscles and inner-longitudinal muscles • use of hard bristles called setae that hook into the ground and the worm pushes off with them.

  6. Skeleton Types • Endoskeleton- • internal structure such as human skeleton made of bone or cartilage. • Skeleton can grow with organism as it gets larger. • Exoskeleton- • external hard outer structure such as a grasshopper • made of protein called chitin. • Skeleton must be shed (molting) in order for the organism to grow. ***Both skeleton types use muscles to move their skeletons***

  7. Human Musculoskeletal System • Bones & Cartilage • Types of connective tissue • Bone – hard and inflexible • Cartilage- soft and flexible

  8. Functions of bones: • Serve as site for muscles to attach to move body parts • Give body its shape and support • Protect delicate structures such as heart, lungs, spinal cord and brain • Serve as storage place for calcium and phosphorus • Produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in marrow

  9. Bone Structure • Living bone cells- osteocytes trapped in small cavities in bone structure • Connective tissue fibers - made of the protein- collagen • Inorganic compounds- calcium and phosphorus • Haversian Canal- cavity in bone that contains blood vessels and nerves that nourish and regulate the osteocytes • Periosteum- outer covering of bone that is responsible for new bone growth and repair ** muscles attach here too**

  10. Bone is constantly being broken down and rebuilt • Osteoblasts- • build new cells by secreting collagen protein , • thencalcium phosphate forms on the fibers to form hard, heavy bone • Osteoclasts- • break down old bone • release calcium and phosphorus

  11. Bone tissue types: • Compact bone- very dense & strong • Spongy Bone- veryporous (full of holes)- marrow fills holes

  12. Bone Marrow Types: • Red marrow- • Found: in spongy bones of vertebrae, ribs, cranium and tips of long bones or arms and legs • Function: makes red blood cells, platelets and some white blood cells • Yellow Marrow- • found in hollow center of long bones • made of fat cells

  13. Cartilage • connective tissue that bends easily • gives support and cushions joints against impactand pressure • Found in: • Embryos- most of skeleton begins as cartilage then becomes bone • Ossification-change of cartilage into bone • Children- more cartilage than adults therefore their bones are more elastic and not as easily broken • Adults- Ear, nose, ribs, around joints

  14. Human Skeleton • Total number of bones: 206 2 main parts: • Axial skeleton- • Skull- cranium and facial and jaw bones (mandible) • Spine- vertebrae with cartilage discs in between to cushion, ribs and sternum (breastbone)

  15. Human Skeleton • Appendicular Skeleton – • Arms and Legs • Pectoral girdle- Shoulder blades (scapula) and collar bones (clavicle) • Pelvic girdle- hip bones

  16. Joints • point where bones meet • Held together by LIGAMENTS (tough fibrous bands of connective tissue)

  17. Joint types: • Immovable- cranium (tightly fitted) • Movable- • Hinge- Back & Forth motion (knee & elbow) • Ball & Socket- move in all directions, ball shaped fit into a cuplike space (shoulder & hip) • Pivot- side to side & up and down motion (base of skull) • Gliding- some bending and twisting movement (wrist & vertebrae)

  18. MUSCLES Types: 1. Skeletal Muscle- used in locomotion and in all voluntary movement • Cells fuse together to form fibers • bundles of fibers bind together to form muscles • Striated appearance- striped with light & dark bands, shows overlapping fibers

  19. Muscle types: • Fibers made up of thin filaments called Actin & Myosin • Filaments slide over each other to contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen) • Connected by tendons to bones • Muscles pull bones when they contract (shorten)** cannot push**

  20. Muscle types: • Work antagonistic to each other: • As one muscle contracts (shortens) the opposite muscle relaxes (lengthens) • Example- Biceps (flexor bends a joint) and triceps (extensor extends or straightens a joint) in the arm • Unique to Skeletal Muscle: • Fast, strong contractions unlike smooth muscles

  21. Skeletal muscle is a system of pairs that relax and contract to move a joint. For example, when front leg muscles contract, the knee extends (straightens) while back leg muscles relax. Conversely, to flex (bend) the knee, back leg muscles contract while front leg muscles relax.

  22. Muscle types: 2. Smooth Muscle- involuntary muscle • Found: in digestive tract, blood vessels, diaphragm and some other internal organs • Appearance: • Long, overlapping sheets of cells • Non-striated (no bands) • Unique to Smooth Muscle: Long, less intense contractions

  23. Muscle types: • Cardiac muscle- found in heart only • Appearance: • Interlocking network of muscle cells with a single nucleus in each • Striated muscle • Unique to Cardiac Muscle: • Built-in ability to contract on their own • Muscles can contract together (heartbeat)- different than skeletal

  24. Muscle and Skeleton Disorders • Osteoporosis- brittle bones due to lack of calcium • Treatment- medication and increased calcium intake in diet

  25. Muscle and Skeleton Disorders • Scurvy- caused by a lack of vitamin C (Absorbic Acid) causing wounds to heal poorly, bruising easily, gums bleed, teeth loosen, loss of appetite • Treatment- Vitamin C

  26. Caption: Close of the mouth of a person suffering from scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), showing swollen and bleeding gums. Scurvy results from a diet that is devoid of fresh fruit & vegetables. Swollen and bleeding gums are initial symptoms and may be followed by bruising of the skin (subcutaneous bleeding) and the opening of previously healed wounds. A prolonged deficiency may cause death. Scurvy responds to treatment with vitamin C.

  27. Muscle and Skeleton Disorders • Arthritis-inflammation of the joints can be immune system related • Treatment- anti-inflammatory drugs

  28. Muscle and Skeleton Disorders • Scoliosis- curvature of the spine caused by unknown (idiopathic); it can eventually lead to decreased lung capacity and congestive heart failure • Treatment- wearing a spine straightening brace or surgery

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