The Peopling of the World: Prehistory to 2500 B.C.

1. Ch.1: The Peopling of the World, Prehistory – 2500 B.C. Humans migrate throughout much of the world and begin to develop tools, art, agriculture and cities. Illustration of Homo erectus NEXT

2. Human Origins in Africa SECTION 1 SECTION 2 Humans Try to Control Nature CASE STUDY:Civilization SECTION 3 The Peopling of the World, Prehistory – 2500 B.C. Map Chart NEXT

3. Section 1 Human Origins in Africa Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humansoriginate in Africa and spread across the globe. NEXT

4. Human Origins in Africa 1.1 A. Scientists Search for Human Origins 1. Defining Prehistory: • Time before the invention of writing, about 5,000 years ago 2. Scientific Clues • Archaeologistsstudy bones & artifacts—human-made objects • Anthropologistsstudy culture—a group’s way of life • Paleontologistsstudy fossils—plant or animal remains preserved in rock • Technically, an anthropologist studies all aspects of humanity (past, present, & future): • physical (or biological), • cultural, and • archaeological. • The archaeologist has a narrower field, and studies the past by recovering and analyzing artifacts and evidence of material culture. There is a great deal of overlap between the two disciplines. A paleontologist is a scientist who studies fossils. If your basement is filled with fossils found while out on hikes, then you're an amateur paleontologist. Paleontology breaks down to the Greek for "ancient" (paleo), "being" (onto-), and "study" (-logy).

6. continued Scientists Search for Human Origins 3. Early Footprints Found • Mary Leakey team discovers prehistoric footprints in Tanzaniain 1978 • Laetoli footprints belong to hominids–creaturesthat walk upright.

7. continued Scientists Search for Human Origins 4. The Discovery of “Lucy” • Donald Johanson team finds female hominid in Ethiopiain 1974 • Nicknames 3.5 million-year-old skeleton “Lucy”

8. continued Scientists Search for Human Origins 5. Hominids Walk Upright • Walking upright helps hominidstravel distanceseasily • They also develop opposable thumb • Early hominids, like Lucy, are a species of australopithecines Hominid = any of the modern or extinctbipedal primates of the family Hominidae, including all species of the genera Homo and Australopithecus. NEXT

9. Australopithecus Sediba Homo Erectus Homo Habilus Australopithecus Afarensis (Lucy)

10. B. The Old Stone Age Begins 1. Two Phases of the Stone Age • Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) lasted from about 2.5 million - 8000 B.C. • Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) lasted from about 8000 - 3000 B.C. • Paleolithic Age had coldtemperatures and large glaciers(Ice Age) • Use of tools, fire, and languagedevelops during the Stone Age 2. Homo habilisMay Have Used Tools • Louis & Mary Leakey discover 2.5 million-year- old hominidfossil • Found in Tanzania, is named Homo habilis, “man of skill”

11. contiued The Old Stone Age Begins 3. Homo erectusDevelops Technology • Appeared about 1.6 million years ago in East Africa • Homo erectus, upright man, used intelligenceto develop technology • Technology—ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions • Developed toolsto dig, scrape, cut; became skillful hunters • First hominid to use fire; might have developed language • First hominid to migrate fromAfrica; moved toAsiaand Europe

12. C. The Dawn of Modern Humans 1. Appearance of Homo sapiens • Species name for modern humans; had larger brain than Homo erectus • Neanderthalsand Cro-Magnons appear; not ancestors of Homo sapiens 2. Neanderthals Way of Life • Powerful musclesand thick bones • Lived 200,000 - 30,000 years agoin Europeand Southwest Asia • Developed religious beliefs and performed rituals • Lived in caves, shelters made of woodand skin (wait… skin!!!!???)

13. Do you have Neanderthal DNA/traits? “Recent genetic studies have shown that Neanderthal DNA spanning at least 20% of their ancient genome survives in modern humans of non-African ancestry. If you are of European or Asian heritage, then around 2% of your genome originated from Neanderthals.” – info is from http://www.abroadintheyard.com/20-physical-traits-inherited-from-neanderthal/ This legacy was picked up from 60 – 80,000 years ago, when successive waves of modern humans began migrating from Africa into Asia and Europe, encountering and interbreeding with their Neanderthal cousins who had evolved there from around 250,000 years ago. Their hybrid children bore genes from both lineages, but eventually modern human genes diluted Neanderthal genes to the extent that the species seemed to disappear from the archaeological record around 30,000 years ago. Those Neanderthal genetic mutations which were not beneficial to modern humans were partially swept out by natural selection over time. The remnants are alive in the genomes of Europeans and Asians today. If you exhibit any of the following traits, they may just be an echo of your inner Neanderthal:

14. continued The Dawn of Modern Humans 3. Cro-Magnons Emerge • About 40,000 years ago Cro-Magnons appear • Physicallyidentical to modern humans • Hunted in groups; better hunters than Neanderthals • Advanced skill in spoken language • MigratedfromNorth Africa toEuropeand Asia • Population grew quickly, replacedNeanderthals

15. D. New Findings Add to Knowledge 1. Fossils, Tools, and Cave Paintings • New fossil discovery places hominidsin Africa 6 or 7 million years ago • Stone tools suggest toolmakingbegan earlier than previously thought • Stone flute suggests Neanderthalsmight have made music • Cave drawings of people, animalsgive clues to ways of life

17. Section 2 Humans Try to Control Nature The development of agriculturecauses an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life.

18. A. Early Advances in Technology and Art 1. Tools Needed to Survive • Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) humans were nomads—moved in search of food • Hunted animals, collected plant foods —were hunter-gatherers • Cro-Magnons had more than 100 specialized tools; bone needles to sew 2. Artistic Expressions in the Paleolithic Age • Early modern humans created art: - cave paintings, animal sculptures, rock engravings & paintings - jewelryof sea shells, lion teeth, bear claws - polished beads from mammoth tusks

19. B. The Beginnings of Agriculture 1. The Neolithic Revolution: • Neolithic Revolution —agricultural revolution, began about 10,000 years ago • Nomadic women scattered seeds, then discovered crops growing • Shift from food-gathering to food-production great breakthrough 2. Causes of the Agricultural Revolution: • Rising temperatures probably a key reason • Longer growing season, drier land for wild grasses • Constant supply of food led to population growth Crash Course World History #1 – Agricultural Revolution

20. continued The Beginnings of Agriculture 3. Early Farming Methods • Slash-and-burn farming—clear land by cutting and burning trees • Farmers moved to new area after year or two 4. Domestication of Animals • Domestication—taming wild animals to ensure a constant source of food • Hunters and farmers tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs Domesticated animals: cow, goat, sheep, chicken, horse, pig, dog and cat

21. continued The Beginnings of Agriculture 5. Agriculture in Jarmo • Site in northeastern Iraq where people farmed9,000 years ago • Wild grasses, goats, pigs, sheep, horsesthrived near Zagros Mountains

22. C. Villages Grow and Prosper: 1. Farming Develops in Many Places: • Farmingin Africa, China, Mexicoand Central America, Peru • Different crops developed in different areas 2. CatalHuyuk: • Farmingthrived here 8,000 years ago; located in modern Turkey • Population of 5,000 to 6,000 grew crops, raised sheepand cattle • Made pottery, wove baskets, tradedvaluable obsidian • In 1958, remains of village found; wall paintings, religious shrines

24. Section 3 Civilization CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer Prosperous farming villages, food surpluses, and new technologylead to the rise of civilizations.

25. Ur(biblical, Ur of the Chaldees), ancient city of Mesopotamia. Its ruins are approximately midway between the modern city of Baghdâd, Iraq, and the head of the Persian Gulf, south of the Euphrates River, on the edge of the Al ajarah Desert. The site of Ur is known today as Tall al Muqayyar, Iraq

26. A. Villages Grow into Cities 1. Agriculture Causes Change: • Farming success leads to larger communities • 2. Economic Changes: • • Ancient people build irrigation systems to increase food production • Food surpluses free some people to develop new skills • Craftspeoplemake cloth, objects; tradersprofit from exchange of goods • • Invention of wheeland sailenable traders to travel longer distances

27. Continued - Villages Grow into Cities 3. Social Changes • Social classes develop; religionbecomes more organized

28. B. How Civilization Develops 1. Sumer: • Located in Mesopotamia, now part of modern Iraq • One of the firstcivilizations—acomplex culture: - advanced cities - specialized workers - complex institutions - record keeping - advanced technology

30. continued How Civilization Develops 2. Advanced Cities • Citieswith larger populations arise, become centers of trade 3. Specialized Workers • Laborbecomes specialized—specific skills of workers developed • Artisansmake goods that show skilland artisticability 4. Complex Institutions • Institutions—(governments, religion, the economy) are established • Governmentsestablish laws, maintain order • Templesare centers for religion, government, and trade

31. continued How Civilization Develops 5. Record Keeping • Professional record keepers, scribes, record taxesand laws • Scribesinvent cuneiform, a system of writing about 3000 B.C. • People begin to writeabout city events 6. Improved Technology • New tools and techniques make work easier • TheBronze Agestarts in Sumeraround 3000 B.C. • People replace copper& stonewith bronzeto make tools, weapons

32. C. Civilization Emerges in Ur 1. The City of Ur • Flourished about 3000 B.C. in what is now southern Iraq • Population about 30,000; live in well-defined social classes • Rulers, priestsand priestesses, wealthy merchants, artisans, soldiers 2. An Agricultural Economy • Food surpluses keep the economy thriving 3. Life in the City • Familieslive in small houses tightly packed near one another • Artisansmake trade goods & weaponsfor Ur’s army

33. continued Civilization Emerges in Ur 4. Ur’s Thriving Trade • Goods and services bartered, or traded without using money • Scribesmake records of transactions 5. The Temple: Center of City Life • Ziggurat, a temple, is tallest, most important building • Priests carry out religious rituals there