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AFRICA

AFRICA. THIS UNIT WILL BE DIVIDED UP INTO 5 PARTS North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa. AFRICA’S LOCATION . Africa’s RELATIVE LOCATION. EAST of Atlantic Ocean WEST of Indian Ocean SOUTH of Mediterranean Sea SOUTH of Europe WEST of Asia.

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AFRICA

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  1. AFRICA THIS UNIT WILL BE DIVIDED UP INTO 5 PARTS North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa

  2. AFRICA’S LOCATION

  3. Africa’s RELATIVE LOCATION • EAST of Atlantic Ocean • WEST of Indian Ocean • SOUTH of Mediterranean Sea • SOUTH of Europe • WEST of Asia

  4. Physical Geography of North Africa

  5. Vocabulary

  6. Map • 1. Label the 5 countries that make up North Africa • 2. Label the following bodies of water • Atlantic Ocean • Indian Ocean • Mediterranean Sea • Nile River • Lake Victoria • Suez Canal • 3. Other Items to Label • Tropic of Cancer • Atlas Mountains • Qattara Depression • Aswan High Dam • Sahara Desert (outline and color this so it stands out) • Nile Delta

  7. NORTH AFRICA • Includes 5 Countries • Morocco • Algeria • Tunisia • Libya • Egypt

  8. North Africa

  9. North Africa’s ABSOLUTE LOCATION • Lies between the latitude lines of 20’N and 40’N • Lies between the longitude lines of 20’W and 40’E • Tropic of Cancer • Climate Zone: Tropical • Latitude Zone: Low

  10. Temperatures • Summer • Daytime as high as 136 degrees F • Winter, can drop as low as 55 degrees F

  11. Landforms • Atlas Mountains • Extend 1,200 miles across Morocco and Algeria into Tunisia • Longest mountain chain in Africa • Greatly influence region’s climate • Made up of 2 sets of mountains that run alongside each other • Southern chain is higher • Mount Toubkal (Morocco) highest peak in N. Africa

  12. Atlas Mountains

  13. Other Low Lying Mountains & Plateaus • South of Atlas Mountains is a low plateau • Stretches across most of North Africa • Land rises higher in a few spots due to isolated mountains • Lower mountain ranges in comparison to Atlas Mountains

  14. Qattara Depression • Located in Northwestern Egypt • Large area of lowland • Sinks 440 feet below sea level • In comparison to New Jersey in size • Cars and trucks cannot pass through it due to marshes and lakes

  15. Waterways • Mediterranean Sea • Links N. Africa to other lands • Brings trade, new ideas and conquering armies • Nile River • 4,160 miles long • Longest river in the world • Starts at Lake Victoria (south of Egypt) and flows northward

  16. Nile River • Massive delta at its mouth • Delta: area formed by soil deposits that build up as river water slows down • Nile Delta found where Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea • At this point it is 9,500 square miles (same size as state of New Hampshire)

  17. Nile River Continued…. • Nile brings life to dry Egypt • In Ancient times, Nile flooded on a yearly basis • Floods left silt (fine, rich soil that is excellent for farming) along banks of river and in the delta • Farmers used soil to grow crops • Grow large amounts of food, able to support growth of great civilization • Today dams control the floods • Hold back high volume of water produced in the rainy season • Water released during the year

  18. Importance of Dams • Egypt’s farmers can grow crops year round • Offers people in Egypt safety and security from floods • Aswan High Dam is the largest dam

  19. Negative Impact of Dams • The silt no longer settles on the land and enriches the soil

  20. Suez Canal • Human made waterway • Connects Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea • Provides a link between Europe and North Africa to the Indian and Pacific Oceans • Important for international trade • Ships do not have to trade all the way around Africa

  21. Suez Canal

  22. Climate of North Africa • Very little rainfall • Atlas Mountains greatly impact the climate of North Africa • Create a rain shadow effect • Very little or no rainfall on one side of the mountain range

  23. High Pressure Systems Impact on Climate • High pressure systems over area to the south of the region for most of the year • Send hot, dry air blowing to the north • Dries out the land • In rare occasions when it does rain in the desert, these same southern winds quickly follow and dry it up • Wadis(dry steambeds) are left behind

  24. Wadis

  25. Sahara Desert • Covers most of North Africa, and spills into 3 other regions as well • 3.5 million square miles • As large as the entire United States • Vast stretches of sand are called ergs

  26. Sand Storms • Strong winds, blow sand • Blowing sand can choke people and animals that are caught outside • Wind blows towering dunes • New winds change shape and size of the dunes

  27. Nomads • People who move about from one place to another • In search of food • Rely on oases • Use plants to graze herds of animals • Oases: area fed by underground sources of water • Some people will live on oases to grow crops

  28. Climate Zones • North of Sahara Desert, climate zones vary • Temps are high, rainfall greater than in the desert • More rainfall along the coast than the interior • Higher amounts of rain on the western side of Atlas Mountain than the eastern side (rain shadow)

  29. Resources • Oil • Natural Gas • Rich areas for fishing in some parts • All of the countries in Northern Region struggle to get enough water

  30. Water • Limited rainfall, high temperatures • Very little freshwater on the surface • Outside from Nile River Area, people get water from oases and aquifers • Aquifers, underground layers of rock in which water collects • Use wells to tap into this water source • Problem: Aquifers take a long time to refill, if water taken out at a high rate, aquifer might not be able to refill quickly enough

  31. Life In North Africa

  32. Vocabulary

  33. Islam • Muslim, a follower of the Islamic religion • Majority of people in North Africa practice Islamic religion • Pray 5 times a day • Gather on Friday to pray and hear a sermon • Ramadan, takes place once a year • Muslims fast (do not eat) from dawn to dusk (sun up to sun down)

  34. The People • 3 Main Groups live in North Africa • Egyptians, Berbers, Arabs • Region has varied culture because of the 3 groups • Some Christians and Jews live in the region • Libya has highest rate of urbanization • 3 out of 4 Libyans live in urban area

  35. City Life vs. Rural Life • Daily life is greatly different between cities and the rural areas • Cities are busy, centers of industry and trade • Blending area of cultures • Souk, open air market • Set up stalls to sell food, craft products, other goods • Performances take place here at night for entertainment

  36. Cairo, Egypt • Largest city in North Africa • 9.3 million people • Modern skyscrapers and parks • Historic religious buildings throughout the city • Famous museums • Traffic jams • Apartment buildings

  37. “The City of The Dead” • Massive poor neighborhoods located in Cairo • Mud huts

  38. Rural Life • Can be small, 500 people • Homes build of mud brick • Fellaheen, poor farmers • walk to work in the fields outside the village • Hand tools • Muscle power, animal power • Some move place to place in search of food • Tend herds of sheep, goats, camels • Some settle in one area for part of the year to grow grains

  39. Food • Vary from country to country • Moroccan food most popular • Base is couscous • Stews of meats and vegetables • Sandwiches made on pita bread • Grilled lamb, chicken or fish • Pigeon is popular in the region

  40. The Arts • Strong influence from Islam • Religion forbids art that shows figures of animals or humans • Weaving can show patters but not figures • Young people attracted to Western music and movies (By “Western” I am referring to United States and parts of Europe) • Angers strict Muslims

  41. Languages • Arabic is official language • French and English spoken in region’s cities • Various languages in rural areas

  42. Challenges in North Africa • Standards of living vary widely across the region • Economic Issues vary • Social Challenges vary

  43. Economic Issues • In oil producing countries, very few benefit from the wealth that the oil brings into the country • Governments have tight control of businesses • Keeps companies from other countries from investing there • Widespread poverty and unemployment • Most country’s in the region do not have diversifiedeconomies • Not able to earn money through different industries (mining, manufacturing, farming, tourism) • Out of all the country’s Morocco has the most diversified economy • Recently, thousands leaving the region for Europe

  44. Social Issues • High population growth a major concern • Contributes to crowding, inadequate health care, poverty • There will not be enough jobs and to support today’s young people • U.S. government pledged money to several countries to help accomplish this goal

  45. Social Issues Continued…. • Literacy, ability to read and write • 89% of Libyans can read and write, highest in region • A little more than 50% of people in Morocco can read and write • Very low literacy rate among women • 20% lower than men throughout the entire region • Low literacy hinders the ability of the countries to build strong economies

  46. The Future of North Africa? • Movements have swept through the region in recent years • Led to Major political changes • Big push for democracy in the region • Many people in the region frustrated with their leaders, have not done enough to build up the economies and improve the countries

  47. Islamic Fundamentalism • Movement of Muslims wanting laws changed to conform to the rules of Islam • End to Western influence on their culture • Western culture is evil • Political Party Muslim Brotherhood, winning elections and gaining more power in the region • Leaving conditions in the region uncertain • Al Quaeda and terrorist groups formed out of Islamic Fundamentalism • To sum it up…..these people are not fans of our country and our way of life

  48. Muslim Women in North Africa • Have more rights than those in other Muslim lands • Can own businesses • Have their own bank accounts • Half of all university students are women in Tunisia • With the spread of Islamic Fundamentalism, women might lose some of these rights

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