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Agriculture

Agriculture. First Agricultural Revolution Second Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution). Prehistoric Man. Hunter gather society Nomadic Temperate environment Cyclic Movement Migratory. Fire. Domesticated 500,000 ???? tools. First Ag Rev.

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Agriculture

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  1. Agriculture First Agricultural Revolution Second Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution)

  2. Prehistoric Man • Hunter gather society • Nomadic • Temperate environment • Cyclic Movement • Migratory

  3. Fire • Domesticated 500,000 ???? • tools

  4. First Ag Rev • Plant domestication • Animal domestication • Use of fire

  5. Plant Domestication • Gather seeds • Irrigation • Fertilizer • Cultivate • Clear land (fire) • 12,000 years ago or less

  6. Plant Domestication • Slash and Burn • Swidden • Grindstones • Pestle and Mortar • Storage

  7. Problems • No crop rotation • Wear the land out • Move on to new land • Lack of permanent settlements

  8. Plants

  9. Animal Domestication • Young • Garbage • Fire • Protection

  10. Cultural Hearths • Food surplus • Social stratification • Specialization • Urban hierarchy

  11. Development • Governments • Religion • Arts • Music • Architecture • Medicine

  12. Cultural Hearths • Mesopotamia • Nile Valley • Indus Valley • Wei-Huang Valley • Ganges Valley • Mesoamerica • West Africa • Andean America

  13. Cultural Hearths • Fresh water • Temperate areas • Land was diverse • Different types of plants • Seasons allowed for different growth

  14. Cultural Hearths • Began as egalitarian societies • Hierarchy developed • Trade within a functional region • Sedentary societies

  15. Cultural Diffusion • Governments • Religion • Arts • Music • Architecture • Medicine

  16. Independent Invention • Inventions in different places at different times without any knowledge of the other. No diffusion.

  17. Independent Invention • Example - metallurgy • Fire heated rocks • Melted ores • Tools, weapons

  18. Empire Building • Some societies became so stratified, they could have military. • Control other lesser developed areas

  19. Empire Building • Grew in power by taking resources of others • Cultural diffusion

  20. Second Ag Rev • Develop machines that do the work of many people • Too many without ag work • Move to urban areas • Work in factories

  21. Second Ag Rev • Factories make machines for farmers • Larger farms, fewer farmers • More to urban areas • More factories, larger machines

  22. Second Ag Rev • Fertilizers • Drainage • Irrigation • Fence • Breading

  23. Agricultural/Industrial Spiral • Ag input increase • Fewer agricultural workers needed • More urban dwellers • Need jobs • Work in factories • Factories make better farm machines • Fewer Ag workers needed

  24. Von Thunen • German economist • Agricultural Concentric Circles • mid 1800’s • Wrote The Isolated State

  25. Von Thunen • Thunen’s model: the black dot represents a city; 1 (white) dairy and market gardening; 2 (green) forest for fuel; 3 (yellow) grains and field crops; 4 (red) ranching; the outer, dark green area represents wilderness where agriculture is not profitable

  26. Von Thunen made a model • Exceptions

  27. Von Thunen made a model • Exceptions • Isotropic plain • No rivers • No mountains • All travel equal • No other settlements • All land the same • Government policies

  28. What is the use? • The model could predict agricultural location. • Can it predict location today?

  29. Have you read: Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Food • If you have, read it again. • If you have not read it twice. • We will read it a third time after we end the Green Revolution. • Read the Time Article http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1917726,00.html

  30. Green Revolution History Aspects Results Future

  31. History of Green Revolution • Mexico 1945 • Need wheat for the rapidly growing population • India 1961 starvation • Rice

  32. History of Green Revolution • Norman Borlaug began the ideas. • Term “Green Revolution” by Gaud of USAID in 1968.

  33. History of Green Revolution • Philippines starvation • Rice • Africa 1980’s • Population growth and political instability

  34. Aspects • Genetically modified seeds • Shorter stems, chemical pesticides, chemical fertilizers, better irrigation • Techniques

  35. Aspects • Very expensive • Need government support • Roads • Storage • Wells

  36. Aspects • Must have government stability • Soil • Climate • Money

  37. Aspects • Finance and research • Rockefeller Foundation • Ford Foundation

  38. Results of the Green Revolution • Mexico • 1943 imported 1/2 wheat • 1956 self sufficient • 1964 exported wheat

  39. Results of the Green Revolution • India • IR8 semi-dwarf rice • Price of rice $550/ton in 1970 • Price of rice $200/ton in 2001 • Export 4.5 mil ton in 2006

  40. Results of the Green Revolution • Philippines 1966 • IR8 rice like India • 3.7 to 7.7 mil tons in 20 yr

  41. Results of the Green Revolution • Africa experienced very little success 1970’s. • Insecurity, lack of infrastructure, corruption, lack of cooperation • Natural limits, water and soil

  42. Future of the Green Revolution • Yield increases leveled off in mid 1980’s • Petro chemicals costs increases • Chemical fert, pest, and herb damage the ecosystem

  43. Future of the Green Revolution • Fert - runoff makes algee grow, too much oxygen, choke out fish • Herb - eliminate plant diversity • Pest - eliminate insect diversity • All exspensive

  44. Future of the Green Revolution • Genetically altered plants mutate others (roundup ready corn) • Loss of diversity of food

  45. Future of the Green Revolution • Neo-Malthusian theory • Sustainability • Carrying capacity • Time article

  46. Future of the Green Revolution • Monocultures - lack of diversity in diet • Socioeconomic - poor cannot afford to farm.

  47. Future of the Green Revolution • Globalization • Larger farms, fewer farmers • Poor move to cities • Work in foreign owned factories • Rich richer, poor poorer

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