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LEARNING

LEARNING. CHAPTER FIVE. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING. LEARNING: PART ONE. LEARNING. A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov.

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LEARNING

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  1. LEARNING CHAPTER FIVE

  2. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING LEARNING: PART ONE

  3. LEARNING • A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience

  4. Classical ConditioningIvan Pavlov • A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

  5. Neutral Stimulus • A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest

  6. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • Stimulus that naturally brings about particular response without having been learned

  7. Unconditional response (UCR) • Response that is natural & needs no training • Salivation at the smell of food

  8. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus

  9. Extinction • A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency & eventually disappears

  10. Spontaneous Recovery • The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest & with no further conditioning

  11. OPERANT CONDITIONING LEARNING: PART TWO

  12. Operant Conditioning • Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on it’s favorable or unfavorable consequences

  13. Reinforcement • Process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

  14. Reinforcer • Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

  15. Positive Reinforcer • A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response

  16. Negative Reinforcer • An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future

  17. Punishment • A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

  18. Schedules of Reinforcement • Different patterns of frequency & timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

  19. Partial (or intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule • Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time

  20. Fixed-Ratio Schedule • A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

  21. Variable-Ratio Schedule • A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number

  22. Shaping • The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer & closer approximations of the desired behavior

  23. Behavior Modification • A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors & decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

  24. THE CONGNITIVE APPROACHES TO LEARNING LEARNING: PART THREE

  25. Cognitive Learning Theory • An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning

  26. Latent Learning • Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided fir displaying it

  27. Observational Learning • Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model

  28. THINK!!! • Violence in television, video games, music, & movies. Does the media’s message matter??? • Does our culture influence how and what we learn??? • What’s your Learning Style??? (196-197)Try it!

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