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Media Analysis of HIV Attributable to Sexual Assault in a Global Context

Media Analysis of HIV Attributable to Sexual Assault in a Global Context. Krystel Tossone, MA, MPH Kent State University October 19 th , 2012 CERC Health Disparities Institute. Aimee Budnik , MS, RD, CLC; Laura Schuch , MPH; Eric Jefferis , PhD. Overview of Presentation. Scope of Problem

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Media Analysis of HIV Attributable to Sexual Assault in a Global Context

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  1. Media Analysis of HIV Attributable to Sexual Assault in a Global Context Krystel Tossone, MA, MPH Kent State University October 19th, 2012 CERC Health Disparities Institute Aimee Budnik, MS, RD, CLC; Laura Schuch, MPH; Eric Jefferis, PhD

  2. Overview of Presentation • Scope of Problem • Aim of Study • Methods of Inquiry • Results: GIS Analysis • Results: Thematic Analysis • Discussion

  3. Scope of Problem • Dual epidemic of HIV and sexual assault (SA) • Southern Africa1 • Conflict-ridden areas2 • Prevalence generally unknown • Varies by region? • Intimate partner violence (IPV) as risk factor3 • Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) delivery difficult • Prescriber4,5 • Region’s policies? • Individual and interpersonal barriers6 1. Kim JC, Martin LJ, & Denny L. (2003). Rape and HIV-post exposure prophylaxis: Addressing the dual epidemics in South Africa. Reproductive Health Matters, 11(22): 101-112. 2. Spiegel PB, Bennedsen AR, Claass J, Bruns L, Patterson N, Yiweza D, & Schilperoord M. (2007). Prevalence of HIV infection in conflict-affected and displaced people in seven sub-Saharan African countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 369: 2187-2195. 3. Gielen AC, McDonnell KA, O’Campo PJ. (2002). Intimate partner violence, HIV status and sexual risk reduction. AIDS and Behavior, 6(2): 107-116. 4. Christofides NJ, Jewkes RK, Webster N, Penn-Kekana L, Abrahams N, Martin LJ. (2005). “Other patients are really in need of medical attention”- the quality of health services for rape survivors in South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(7): 495-502. 5. Bakhru A, Mallinger JB, & Fox MC. (2010). Postexposure prophylaxis for victims of sexual assault: treatments and attitudes of emergency room physicians. Contraception, 82: 168-172. 6. Abrahams N & Jewkes R. (2010). Barriers to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) completion after rape: a South African qualitative study. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 12(5): 471-484.

  4. Aim of Study • To explore the social perception of HIV attributable to SA (HIVSA) by using the media • What is the thematic representation among the articles? • What is the geographic distribution of articles found and their relationship with themes found?

  5. Methods • LexisNexis global news article search • “Sexual Assault” AND “HIV” • December 1985 to April 2012 • English-speaking only • Thematic and Content Analyses • 1st round: 2-coder independent article search (n = 999) • 2nd round: Independent theme development (n = 409) • 3rd round: Independent Coding and final theme reconciliation (n = 380) • ArcGIS Analysis

  6. Source: World Health Organization data repository, 2009.

  7. Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: Sexual Violence, Varied Years.

  8. Major Theme 1: Calling for Change in “Cultures of Silence” • Identification of a need to change the attitudes of a society • Less emphasis on police reporting, more on SA services • Allow SA survivors to receive PEP • Pass testing & notification laws • Yet, stereotyped advice still continues • Victim responsibility of SA

  9. Major Theme 2: Dual Trauma of HIV and Sexual Assault • Early 90s: HIV is a “death sentence” for victim • Rapists with known HIV+ have higher sentencing • Difficulties with uncertainty of HIV status • Managing getting tested, waiting for results • Delay in knowing offender’s status • Calling for laws to pacify victim • An assault is worse if offender knows + status

  10. Major Theme 3: Who is/not Allowed as a Victim/Offender in Society • Classist/Nationalist stereotypes of offenders • “Laborer”, “farm worker” • Immigrants and natives as “brutes” • Protectors of society and those in high power should not be offenders • Parents, police, military, older members • Shocking violations- increase in article frequency? • The most victimized are those who have the least responsibility over their actions • Children, mentally handicapped are victims • Prisoners, men, drug/alcohol users are not

  11. Conclusions • Geographic Results: • Disparity in the articles represented and the co-prevalence of HIV and SA • Thematic Results: • Universal and regional themes • Recognition for social/policy changes • What are missing regions experiencing?

  12. What’s Next? • Hypothesis-generating exercise • How do regions differ in discourse of HIVSA? • Do other regions experience HIVSA at similarly to S. Africa? • How can media impact/inform society of HIVSA? • Further exploration of article search • Temporality of articles • Statistical analysis • Discourse in other languages • Can the audience give remarks on the subject of HIVSA relative to their region or culture?

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