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Morphology. LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin. Table of Content. At the end of this chapter you will know: Morphemes Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes Derivation Inflection Phenomenon/Processes Compounding Morphophonemics. Morphemes. Free, bound morphemes Allomorphs.
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Morphology LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin
Table of Content At the end of this chapter you will know: • Morphemes • Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes • Derivation • Inflection • Phenomenon/Processes • Compounding • Morphophonemics
Morphemes Free, bound morphemes Allomorphs
Morphology • Morphology: • The analysis of word . • The system of categories and rules involved in ______________ and ___________
Main Divisions of Word Classes (Parts of Speech): • Content Words • Function Words • Nouns • Verbs • Adjectives • Adverbs • Conjunctions • Prepositions • Articles (or det.) • Pronouns
Word and Morpheme • Word: the smallest ___________ • Word simple and complex • E.g. • Morpheme: the smallest _________ ______ • Morpheme free and bound • E.g.
Analysing Word Structure Root, affix Base Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes
Affixation • Prefix: An affix that is attached to the _____ ___ of a base, • Ex. • Suffix: An affix that is attached to the _______ of a base. • Ex.
Affixation • Infix: An affix that occur __________a base • Ex. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung. • Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached to ________________ of a base simultaneously • Ex.(in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an. • Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.
Examples of English Affixes • -able • -ing • -ish • -ize • Anti- • Ex- • Re- • In-
SUFFIXOCATING !!! • Can you find the different affixes in this cartoon? • What are the meanings of each?
Derivation English derivational affixes Complex derivation Constraints in derivation Two classes of derivational affixes
Derivation • An affixational process that forms a word with a __________and/or _________ _ _________from that of it’s base. • Ex:
Examples of English Derivational Affixes • See pages 117.
Derivation • Illustrated through trees: N V V Af A Af treat ment modern ize
Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme • -ic : Noun Adj ; alcohol alcoholic • -ly : Adj Adv ; exact exactly • -ate : Noun Verb ; vaccin vaccinate • -ity : Adj Noun ; active activity • -ship : Noun Noun ; friend friendship • re- : Verb Verb ; cover recover
Complexe Derivations Words with several layers of structure • Activation: N V A V Af Af Af Act ive ate ion
Constraints on Derivation • The suffix –ant Contest contestant Defend defendant Hunt *Huntant Hunter WHY? The suffix –ant can combine only with ____________________.
Constraints on Derivation • The suffix –en white whiten dark darken green *greenen WHY? The suffix –en can combine only a ___________ base that ends in an obstruent (pp. 149–150). largen ? How about large ? The suffix –en can combine only a ___________ ________base that ends in an _________ (Kwary, 2004).
Inflection Inflection Inflections in English
Inflection • The modification of a word’s form to _________ the __________________to which it belongs • Ex:
English Inflectional Morphemes Nouns –s plural –’s possessive Verbs –s third person singular present –ed past tense –en past participle –ing progressive Adjectives –er comparative –est superlative
It changes the ______ and/or the ____of meaning of the word, so it is said to create ____ __ _____. Ex. It does not change either the _____ _ _______ or the ____ _________ found in the word. Ex. Derivation vs. Inflection (1)
Derivation vs. Inflection (2) • A derivational affix must combine with the base _____ an inflectional affix. e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighbourhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighbourshood
Derivation vs. Inflection (3) • An inflectional affix in more ___________than a derivational affix. e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun. On the other hand, the derivational suffix –ant can combine only with Latinate bases.
Word Formation Compounding Conversion Clipping Blends Backformation Acronyms Onomatopoeia Eponyms
1. Compounding • Definition: Two or more words ___________________to form a new word. • Examples:
Properties of compounds • Properties of compounds • Lexical category • Stress • Plural
Endocentric vs Exocentric Compounds Note: The meaning of a compound is not always _____________________________. • Coconut oil oil made from coconuts. • Olive oil oil made from olives. • Baby oil • blue-movies • blue-chip oil for babies NOT oil made from babies
2. Conversion • Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new ____________________. • Examples: butter (N) to butter the bread permit (V) an entry permit empty (A) to empty the litter-bin
Verbing Taking Nouns and Adjectives and using them as verbs (and conjugating them).
3. Clipping • Definition: Shortening a ___________ by ______________________ • Examples:
4. Blends • Definition: Similar to compounds, but _____ _______________ are deleted. • Examples:
Case Study: Blends or Compunds • ‘Wild-haired revolutionaries like Che Guevara have been replaced by clean-cut metrosexual icons like soccer star David Beckham and musician Ricky Martin.’ (cbsnews.com, 25th November 2003). • ‘No botox for the Retrosexual. No $1,000 haircuts. The retrosexual man eats red meat heartily and at times kills it himself.’ (The Washington Dispatch, 2nd May 2004). • Another recent coinage borne out of the current preoccupation with male stereotyping is the noun and adjective technosexual. (Macmillan Online, January 2005).
5. Back-formations • Definition: a process that creates a new word by __________a _______________from another word in the language. • Examples: • editor (1649) edit (1791) • television (1907) televise (1927)
6. Acronyms • Definition: Words derived from the ______of several words • Examples: • severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS • Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus SCUBA
7. Onomatopoeia • Definition: Words created to __________ the thing that they name.
8. Eponyms • Definition: Words derived from ______________________. • Examples:
Morphophonemics • “Pronunciation can be sensitive to ______________ factors” • Example: English Plural • Allomorphs pronounsed: /-s/, /-z/, /-əz/ • The pronunciation of the suffix « –s » depends on the phonetic context. • Ex: • www.pearsoned.ca/ogrady