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Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity. The spontaneous decay of an unstable nucleus Results in radiation being released. Strong Forces. An attractive force that holds nucleons (protons and neutrons) together inside of the nucleus. Electrical Force. Like charges repel

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Nuclear Chemistry

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  1. Nuclear Chemistry

  2. Radioactivity • The spontaneous decay of an unstable nucleus • Results in radiation being released

  3. Strong Forces • An attractive force that holds nucleons (protons and neutrons) together inside of the nucleus.

  4. Electrical Force • Like charges repel • Protons repel other protons

  5. Nuclear Stability • If the strong force is greater than the electrical force then the nucleus is stable • If it isn’t, the nucleus will decay • Depends on the proton to neutron ratio

  6. Alpha Particle • Symbol • Description • helium nucleus • Charge +2, Mass 4 • Penetrating Power • Can be stopped by a piece of paper

  7. Beta Particle • Symbol • Description • High speed electron • Charge -1, mass 0 • Penetrating Power • Can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum metal

  8. Positron • Symbol • Description • Positively charged electron • Charge +1, Mass 0 • Penetrating Power • Can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum metal

  9. Gamma Radiation • Symbol • Description • Pure energy, similar to x-rays • Charge 0, Mass 0 • Penetrating Power • Can be stopped by a thick sheet of lead

  10. Half-Life • The time required for half of the amount of the radioisotope to decay • External conditions (pressure, temperature) do not affect the half life

  11. Natural Transmutations • Due to unstable neutron to proton ratios • Examples: Alpha, beta and positron decay • There is only one reactant in a natural transmutation

  12. Artificial Transmutation • High energy particles, shot directly at the nucleus, cause it to break apart • There are 2 reactants in artificial transmutation

  13. Enrico Fermi • 1930s – performed the world’s first, controlled nuclear reaction.

  14. Lise Meitner • Realized that, in a nuclear reaction, the nucleus splits apart.

  15. Fission • A splitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments that produces neutrons and a large amount of energy.

  16. Fusion • The process of combining nuclei to produce a nucleus of greater mass To combine the 2 nuclei, a very high temp is required to overcome the repulsion of the positive charges

  17. Fusion • The energy that the Sun emits into space is produced by nuclear reactions that happen in its core due to the collision of hydrogen nuclei and the formation of helium nuclei

  18. Advantages of Nuclear Energy • Could replace fossil fuels • Requires less fuel • Well operated plants do not pollute environment • Power is reliable • Costs same amount as fossil fuels

  19. Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy • Explosions produce radiation • Risk of meltdown • Waste must be disposed of • Reactors only last 40-50 years • Fuel is nonrenewable

  20. Nuclear Bombs • An explosive device which utilizes the energy released from either fission or fusion reactions to devastate large areas • http://www.history.com/topics/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki/videos#manhattan-project

  21. Chernobyl • http://video.pbs.org/video/1862529183

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