Health, the Environment, & Humans K.C. Donnelly, Texas A&M University

1. Health, the Environment, & Humans K.C. Donnelly, Texas A&M University

2. Define Health? • absence of disease • resistance to illness • lifestyle choices

3. Define “Environment” • Air • Water • Soil • Food • Etc.

4. Define Humans? What is DNA?

5. ENVIRONMENT HEALTH GENE NUTRITION What is Environmental Health?

6. Los niños son el futuro!

7. Are Children Small Adults?

8. Children as sensitive receptors

9. Changes in capabilities as a child ages.

10. “A little kid goes from a single cell to a laughing, sociable, intelligent, friendly human being over the course of two years that’s dramatic growth and development” – K. Olden

11. Environmental Health Research at Texas A&M: • Human health exposures; • Birth defects study; • Ecological effects

12. Shanxi, China Sumgayit, AZB Seattle, WA Rio Bravo, TX Texas A&M Environmental Health Study Sites

13. Kazakhstan Russia Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Caspian Sea Iran Human Health & Environmental Exposures in Azerbaijan Texas A&M University Superfund Basic Research Program

14. Chemical Plants, Factories ResidentialAreas Wastewater Treatment Plant WTP Sludge Pits Military Base 1 KM Refugee Housing Caspian Sea Sumgayit River

15. Entrance, Family #1 (note process lines in background).

16. Sanitary Facilities – Family #1

17. Garden (Family #2)

18. Family #1 – Mr. Rastamov

19. PAHs & OCs in floor dust

20. Mercury in hair

21. East-West Street (& Caspian)

22. “The Gang”

23. Control

24. Rural Village – Khizi, Azerbaijan

26. * * Significantly greater (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05) n = 31 n = 8

28. 中国的环境有害物与出生缺陷Environmental Toxicants & Birth Defects in China

29. TAMU – Health Science Center:Z. Naufal, T. McDonald, R. Finnell, G. ShawPeking University Health Science Center:Li Zhiwen, Li Zhu, R. Agaio, L. Pei,

30. What is a Gene-Environment Interaction? Birth Defects Cancer Diabetes Weight Infection Height Struck by lightning Sex Cystic Fibrosis 100% Environmental 100% Genetic Source: Thorogood, 1997

31. Shanxi Province Elevated incidence birth defects: • 6-7 per 1,000 live births • Compared to: US rate: ~ 1 per 1,000 live births

32. Where in the World is Shanxi? Shanxii Sumgayit

33. Coal Production in Shanxi

34. Dust Samples

35. House in Taigu

36. Kitchens in Taigu

37. Dose & Duration of Exposure Teratogen Exposure Gametes Fetus Normal Newborn Embryo NTDs First 4 weeks

38. Questionnaire Data: • Folic Acid Supplementation: • 84% of subjects (n=30) reported no use of any periconceptional folic acid supplementation • Smoking Status: • 100% of subjects (n=31) are non-smokers However: - 58% exposed to secondhand smoke i.e. husband smokes

39. Frequency of NTDs in Various Counties (Jan – June, 2005) County No. of Live-births No. of Stillbirths No. of NTDs Cases （1/1,000） NTDs Incidence Rate/1,000 平定 Pingding 1363 21 21 15 太谷 Taigu 1145 17 9 7.9 夕阳 Xiyang 1289 5 23 18 泽州 Zezhou 1761 37 42 24

40. DNA Adduct Formation in Placentas of Cases & Controls 5 4 * * 3 Mean RAL x 109 Cases 2 Controls 1 0 Polar Bulky Total * = Significantly higher (p<0.05) Adduct Type

41. Ecological Study in Northwest US USEPA Region10 Texas A&M University NIEHS

42. Industrialized River in Pacific Northwest http://www.nwf.org/backyardwildlifehabitat/images/duwamish.jpg http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/waterres/wqa/dwmsh1br.jpg http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/waterres/wqa/wqpage.htm

45. River bank activity April 2003

46. Map of sampling locations drain pipe Sed. Bkgd. # 6 Exhaust Vent 1 1 Warehouse Mile 3.3 2 Exhaust Vent 2 Concrete pilings N 16th Street 3 #1- 47˚ 31.789’N, 122˚ 18.850’W #2- 47˚ 31.766’N, 122˚ 18.788’W #3- 47˚ 31.717’N, 122˚ 18.701’W #4- 47˚ 31.658’N, 122˚ 18.624’W #5- 47˚ 31.591’N, 122˚ 18.630’W #6- 47˚ 30.427’N, 122˚ 17.575’W Background above North Wind’s Wier at ~mile 5.2 4 5 Mile 3.6

47. Boat at study site:

48. Coho Salmon at Fish Hatchery

49. Transporting fish to study site

50. Fish tank & Nishkin sampler