1 / 14

Modernization, Dependencia , and Import Substitution Industrialization

Modernization, Dependencia , and Import Substitution Industrialization. Brazil. 100 Years of History. Latin American independence movements (1808-1824) relied on a new sense of nativism The revolts were started by the Creole elite

roy
Download Presentation

Modernization, Dependencia , and Import Substitution Industrialization

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Modernization, Dependencia, and Import Substitution Industrialization Brazil

  2. 100 Years of History • Latin American independence movements (1808-1824) relied on a new sense of nativism • The revolts were started by the Creole elite • Elites appealed to the masses’ identity based on birthplace: American • Continuing social, economic, and political inequality would continue unchanged • The "Progress" movement, popular in the industrializing West, reached Latin America in the 1850s • Liberals use promises of political and social reforms as well as economic progress to come to power; largely unfulfilled • The ignored middle and lower classes turn to nationalism • “That everybody belonged, that the benefits of Progress should be shared, and that industrial development should be the priority”

  3. Theory and Policy: Overlapping Concepts • Economic Theory: Modernization v. Dependency • Economic Policy: Export-led Growth v. Import Substitution Industrialization

  4. Modernization Theory • Modernization is a revolutionary process • Modernization is a complex process • Modernization is a systemic process • Modernization is a global process • Modernization is a lengthy process • Modernization is a phased process • Modernization is a homogenizing process • Modernization is a irreversible process • Modernization is a progressive process Samuel Huntington. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics" (1971)

  5. Modernization in Brazil • Economic modernization led to mass urban migration in the early 1900s and, in turn, destabilized the rural political oligarchy • President Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945, Liberal Alliance): Vargas overcame a coup attempt by coffee elites, marking Brazil’s transition away from a traditional, rural economy established the modernizing – and Fascist - Estado Novo dictatorship • JuscelinoKubitschek (1956-61): populist president who promises Brazilians 'fifty years of progress in five‘; industrialization progressed quickly, but so did inflation and debt

  6. Modernization in Brazil From 1900 to 1980 the average annual rate of GDP growth was 5.7%, while industry grew by about 7.1% per year • 1930: Vargas Elected • 1932: Coffee coup defeated • 1934: Fascist constitution adopted • 1937: Estado Novo established, Vargas assumes dictatorial powers • 1942: Vargas sides with Allied forces in WWII • 1945: Military coup overthrows Vargas • 1951: Vargas elected to the presidency, again • 1954: Facing a military coup, Vargas commits suicide • 1956: Kubitschek elected to the presidency • 1956: work on Brasília begins • 1960: Brasília becomes the national capital • 1964: Military coup

  7. Brasília: the High-Modernist City • Brasília was to be the city of the future, of a modern Brazil • Planned and developed in 1956, Brasília became the capital in 1960 • “Brasília made no reference to the habits, traditions, and practices of Brazil's past or of its great cities” • functionalist principles: dispersion and functional segregation • “The death of the street”

  8. Brasília: the High-Modernist City • By1980, 75% of the population of Brasília lived in settlements that had never been anticipated, while the planned city had reached less than half its projected population of 557,000 • Estrutural, a slum near Brasília, is home to over 20,000 people • The pattern of urban modernization pushing the poor to the edge of the city is common

  9. Dependency Theory • Underdevelopment in less developed countries is the result of development in the West • International capitalism has set up a global economic system with a division of labor that maintains the periphery in a subservient position relative to the core • Dependent nations develop dual economies • Modern sector is entirely dependent on the international economic system – for resources (capital, technology, and materials) and markets; a “collaborating class” forms • Traditional sector is not, but it is eroded by the activities of the modern sector • Dependent nations are adversely affected by unequal terms of trade: they export cheap raw materials and import expensive, finished, manufactured products; the core relies on this imbalance for its prosperity, the core must break it if it is to develop

  10. Import Substitution Industrialization • ISI policies may be consistent with several types of economic theories, though it is most closely associated with Dependency Theory • Domestic production of substitutes for imported commodities • Protectionist barriers to international trade in order to encourage a domestic market • Government financing for new industrial projects • State-led economic policy

  11. Dependency in Brazil • Fernando Henrique Cardoso • After the 1964 military coup Cardoso went into exile; he returned in the 1980s • In the 1970s Cardoso was addressing the weaknesses of Dependency Theory: limited development is possible despite significant dependence; poor nations must develop as much as possible within the global economy. • President of Brazil, 1995-2000 • While president, Cardoso followed standard neoliberal economic policies

  12. ISI in Brazil • Timeline • 1945-1962 period characterized by intense ISI • 1950-1961: GDP growth averages over 7%, industry growth averages over 9% • Imports (esp. fuels and machinery) increased more than exports • Large foreign debt • 1962-1967: the industrial sector stagnated as a result of adverse macroeconomic conditions • 1968-1973: rapid industrial expansion and modernization

  13. ISI in Brazil • Nationalism: Vargas gained support for ISI policies in the working and middle classes through the explicit use of nationalist rhetoric • Development: • gains in industrial work are offset by massive rural to urban migration and thus un/underemployment and the resulting lowering of the standard of living in urban areas despite increasing labor regulations • political conditions deteriorate into Fascism and military dictatorship in which the working class is included but subordinated through populist structures • Rural poverty and landlessness increase as farming is mechanized and the Amazon is opened to industrial development; demands for land redistribution grow

  14. Dependency Theory • What role do political forces play in economic development? To what extent do/can domestic political circumstances influence the national economy? • Does dependency theory put too much emphasis on the power of capitalism to shape the circumstances of underdeveloped countries?

More Related