KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla/divisions.

1. KEY CONCEPTPlants can be classified into nine phyla/divisions.

2. Land plants are classified by the presence or absence of vascular tissue and how they reproduce (with or without seeds) • “Vascular” • People: relating to vessels, especially those that carry blood. • Plants: relating to plant tissues that conduct water, sap, and nutrients.

3. Vascular Plants vs. Nonvascular Plants Vascular Nonvascular No Transport System No roots (rhizoids) Grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients Live in moist areas • Transport System • Leaves • True roots • Xylem • Phloem • Stems • Can grow tall • Live in dry areas *Complete Venn Diagram in notes

5. Nonvascular Plants

6. Liverworts belong to phylum Hepatophyta. often grow on wet rocks or in greenhouses can be thallose or leafy Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants.

7. Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta. • most common seedless nonvascular plants • sphagnum moss commonly used by humans as “peat”

8. Hornworts belong to phylum Anthocerophyta. • found in tropical forests and along streams • flat, lobed body with little green “horns”

9. Vascular Plants Seedless vs. w/Seeds

10. Club mosses belong to phylum Lycophyta. Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants. • not true mosses • oldest living group of vascular plants

11. Ferns and their relatives belong to phylum Pterophyta. frond fiddlehead • whisk ferns and horsetails are close relatives of ferns • ferns have large leaves called fronds

12. Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors. can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants. • seeds nourish and protect plant embryo • seeds allow plants to disperse to new places

13. Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. • most gymnosperms are cone-bearing. • the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms. • pollen is produced in male cones. • eggs are produced in female cones. • seeds develop on scales of female cones.

14. Cycads are gymnosperms in phylum Cycadophyta. • look like palm trees with large cones • grow in tropical areas

15. Ginkgos are gymnosperms in phylum Ginkgophyta. • only one species alive today, Ginkgo biloba • grown in gardens and used in urban landscaping

16. most common gymnosperms alive today • includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper • Conifers are gymnosperms in phylum Coniferophyta.

17. Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit. • Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta. • A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms. • A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower.

18. Plant Classification Lab • Goal: Identify plants as either vascular or nonvascular based on microscope analysis. • This lab does not need to be a formal write up… only include the Title, Goal, and components listed below: • Draw image and label transport system components • Record slide name and number • Record as either vascular or nonvascular