New Trends in Ethnomedicine

1. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH……………. MAY PEACE BE UPON YOU

2. Narrated By Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "There is no disease that GOD has created, except that He also has created its treatment." SahihBukhari Volume 007, Book 071, Hadith Number 582.

3. TITLE “NEW TRENDS IN ETHNOMEDICINE” By Dr. H. SHEIK JAHABAR ALI Asst. Prof in Biotechnology

4. GOD’S GIFT INTRODUCTION

5. WHAT IS ETHNOMEDICINE? • Ethnomedicine is a study or comparison of the traditional medicine practiced by various ethnic groups, and especially by indigenous peoples. The word ethnomedicine is sometimes used as a synonym for traditional medicine. • Ethnomedical research is interdisciplinary; in its study of traditional medicines, it applies the methods of ethnobotany and medical anthropology. Often, the medicine traditions it studies are preserved only by oral tradition. • Scientific ethnomedical studies constitute either anthropological research or drug discovery research. Anthropological studies examine the cultural perception and context of a traditional medicine. The purpose of drug discovery research is to identify and develop a marketable pharmaceutical product.

6. ETHNOPHARMACY • Ethnopharmacology is a related study of ethnic groups and their use of drugs. Ethnopharmacology is distinctly linked to plant use, ethnobotany, as this is the main delivery of pharmaceuticals. Ethnopharmacy is the interdisciplinary science that investigates the perception and use of pharmaceuticals (especially traditional medicines, but not only), within a given human society. • It deals with the study of the pharmaceutical means considered in relation to the cultural contexts of their use, e.g. the study of the cultural determinants that characterise the uses of these means within a culture. It involves studies of the: • identification and ethnotaxonomy (cognitive categorisation) of the (eventual) natural material, from which the remedy will be produced (medical ethnobiology: ethnobotanyor ethnomycology or ethnozoology); • traditional preparation of the pharmaceutical forms (ethnopharmaceutics);

7. 3. bio-evaluation of the pharmacological action of such preparations (ethnopharmacology); 4. their clinical effectiveness (clinical ethnopharmacy); 5. socio-medical aspects implied in the uses of these pharmaceuticals (medical anthropology/ethnomedicine). 6. public health and pharmacy practice-related issues concerning the public use and/or the re-evaluation of these drugs • In India, Ayurveda medicine has used many herbs such as turmeric possibly as early as 1900 BC. Earliest Sanskrit writings such as the Rig Veda, and Atharva Veda are some of the earliest available documents detailing the medical knowledge that formed the basis of the Ayurveda system. Many other herbs and minerals used in Ayurveda were later described by ancient Indian herbalists such as Charaka and Sushruta during the 1st millennium BC. The Sushruta Samhita attributed to Sushruta in the 6th century BC describes 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources, and 57 preparations based on animal sources.

8. PHYTOCHMISTRY: • All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities. These phytochemicals are divided into (1) primary metabolites such as sugars and fats, which are found in all plants; and (2) secondary metabolites—compounds which are found in a smaller range of plants, serving a more specific function. • Plants synthesize a bewildering variety of phytochemicals  such as Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Triterpenoids, Phenolics, Polyphenol, Steroids, Tannins, Phlobatannins, Saponins, Carbohydrates, Protein, Glycosides, Anthroquinone, etc.

9. ALKALOIDS: • Alkaloids are a class of chemical compounds containing a nitrogen ring. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from crude extracts by acid-base extraction. • Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly invoke a bitter taste. • Examples are the local anesthetic and stimulant cocaine; the psychedelic psilocin; the stimulant caffeine; nicotine; the analgesic morphine; the antibacterial berberine; the anticancer compound vincristine; the antihypertension agent reserpine; the cholinomimeric galatamine; the spasmolysis agent atropine; the vasodilator vincamine; the anti-arhythmia compound quinidine; the anti-asthma therapeutic ephedrine; and the antimalarial drug quinine.

10. POLYPHENOLS: • Polyphenols (also known as phenolics) are compounds contain phenol rings. The anthocyanins that give grapes their purple color, the isoflavones, the phytoestrogens fromsoy and the tannins that give tea its astringency are phenolics. GLYCOSIDES: • Glycosides are molecules in which a sugar is bound to a non-carbohydrate moiety, usually a small organic molecule. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body. An example is the cyanoglycosides in cherry pits that release toxins only when bitten by a herbivore.

11. Terpenes: • Terpenes such as those found in green foods, soy products and grains, comprise one of the largest classes of phytonutrients. The most intensely studied terpenes are carotenoids as evidenced by the many recent studies on beta carotene. The terpenes function as antioxidants, protecting lipids, blood and other body fluids from assault by free radical oxygen species including singlet oxygen, hydroxyl, and peroxide and superoxide radicals. Terpenoids are dispersed widely throughout the plant kingdom, protecting plants from the same reactive oxygen species that attack human cells.

12. Flavonoids • Phytonutrients of this phenol subclass enhance the effects of ascorbate-vitamin C. Flavonoids were once lumped together as vitamin C, but there are well over 1,500 of them. Here is a partial listing: • Flavones (containing the flavonoid apigenin found in chamomile) • Flavonols(quercetin-grapefruit; rutin-buckwheat; ginkgoflavonglycosides-ginkgo) • Flavanones (hesperidin-citrus fruits; silybin-milk thistle) • The biological activities of flavonoids include action against allergies, inflammation, free radicals, hepatotoxins, platelet aggregation, microbes, ulcers, viruses and tumors

13. COLLECTION OF ETHNIC INFORMATION

14. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

15. Plants in folk religion

16. Aegle marmelos Botanical Name : Aegle marmelos Family : Rutaceae Common Name : wood apple, golden apple Tamil Name : Vilvam maram

17. Ficus benghalensis Botanical Name :Ficus benghalensis Family : Moraceae Common Name : Banyan Tree Tamil Name : Aalamaram

18. Curcuma longa Botanical Name : Curcuma longa Family : Zingiberaceae Common Name : Turmeric Tamil Name : Manjal

19. Cynodondactylon Botanical Name : Cynodon dactylon Family : poaceae Common Name : Durva Grass Tamil Name : Arugampul

20. Sesamum indicum Botanical Name : Sesamum indicum Family : Pedaliaceae Common Name : Gingilly Tamil Name : Ellu

21. Traditional knowledge and utility of some medicinal plants in Tamilnadu

22. Solanum trilobatum Botanical Name: Solanum trilobatum Family : Solanaceae Common Name : Pea egg plant Tamil Name : Thuthuvalai

23. Adathodavasica botanical name : Adathodavasica Family : Acanthaceae Common name : malabar Nut tamil name : Adathodai

24. Gloriosa superba Botanical Name:Gloriosa superba Family : Lilliaceae Common Name : Glorrylilly Tamil Name : senganthal malar ( state flower of Tamil Nadu)

25. Eclipta alba Botanical Name : Eclipta alba Family :Asteraceae Common Name : Bhringraj Tamil Name : Karishalankanni

26. Aristolochia indica Botanical Name :Aristolochia indica Family : Aristolochaceae Common Name : Bird wing Tamil Name : Aduthinnapalai

27. Plants in day today life

28. Ocimum sanctum Botanical Name : Ocimum sanctum Family : Lamiaceae Common Name : Basil Tamil Name : Tulsi

29. Centella asiatica Botanical Name : Centella asiatica Family : Apiaceae Common Name : Indian pennywort  Tamil Name : Vallarai

30. Senna auriculata Botanical Name : Senna auriculata Family : Fabaceae Common Name : Senna Tamil Name : Avarai

31. Aloe barbadensis Botanical Name : Aloe barbadensis Family : Liliaceae Common Name : Aloe Tamil Name : Sottru kathalai

32. Nutritive and medicinal value of some fruits and vegetables

33. Psidium quajava Botanical Name : Psidium quajava Family : Myrtaceae Common Name : Guava Tamil Name : Goiya

34. Manilkara zapota Botanical Name : Manilkara zapota Family : Sapotaceae Common Name : Sapota Tamil Name : Sapota

35. Citrus sinensis Botanical Name : Citrus sinensis Family : Rutaceae Common Name : Orange

36. Mangifera indica Botanical Name : Mangifera indica Family : Anacardiaceae Common Name : Mango Tamil Name : Mambalam

37. Musa paradiciaka Botanical Name : Musa paradiciaka Family : Musaceae Common Name : Banana Tamil Name : Valaipalam

38. Citrus lemon Botanical Name : Citrus lemon Family : Rutaceae Common Name : Lemon Tamil Name : Elumichai

39. Punica granatum Botanical Name : Punica granatum Family : Lythraceae Common Name : Pomegranate Tamil Name : mathulai

40. Moringa oleifera Botanical Name : Moringa oleifera Family : Moringaceae Common Name : Drum stick Tamil Name : Murugai

41. Solanum nigrum Botanical Name : Solanum nigrum Family : Solanaceae Common Name : Night shade plant Tamil Name : Manathakkali

42. Brasica oleraceae Botanical Name : Brasica oleraceae Family : Brasicaceae Common Name : Cabbage Tamil Name : Mottaikosh

43. MAY PEACE ( AS-SALAAM) BE UPON YOU (ALAIKUM) Proud to be Indian Herbalist