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Lesson 15.1: Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems

The Male and Female Reproductive Systems. 15. Lesson 15.1: Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.2: Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 15.3: Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology

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Lesson 15.1: Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems

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  1. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems 15 Lesson 15.1: Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.2: Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 15.3: Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 15.4: Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth Lesson 15.5: Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive System

  2. Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.1 Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems

  3. Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems • reproduction • mitosis versus meiosis • development and puberty

  4. Reproduction • chromosomes • made of DNA, contain genes • asexual reproduction • offspring are a clone of parent • Common in plants, fungi • Diversity from mutation • sexual reproduction • a gamete ( ½ genes from each parent combine ~fertilization~ to make a zygote (genetically unique individual) • More complicated, more can “go wrong”

  5. Mitosis versus Meiosis

  6. Mitosis versus Meiosis • mitosis • one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells ( 23 pairs to 23 pairs) • homologous chromosomes • chromosomes duplicate in interphase • stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase • result • two cells, each with 46 chromosomes identical to the mother cell

  7. Mitosis versus Meiosis • chromosome number • diploid–two copies of each chromosome • haploid–one version of each chromosome • normal body cells are diploid • gametes are haploid

  8. Mitosis versus Meiosis • meiosis • produces gametes, or haploid cells • Occurs in the gonads • stages • meiosis I–homologous chromosomes combine into tetrads, then separate, crossovers occur- genetic diversity • meiosis II–sister chromatids separate • result • four haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each • 8 million possibilities

  9. Embryonic and Fetal Development • At the 5th week, sex organs develop the same way. • if SRY gene is present (sex determining region y) • 7th week of development male sex organs begin development • if SRY gene is not present • 8th week of development female sex organs begin development • The “ default setting” is Female ( high FSH, LH) • Then they remain low ( nonfunctional) until 8-14 years---puberty

  10. Puberty • maturation of the reproductive system • development of secondary sexual characteristics • females 8-13 • Breast development, hair growth, pelvic structure changes • Menarche (ovulation) • Males -9-14 • Larynx growth, vocal folds lengthen • Hair growth, nocturnal emission, semen production with mature sperm

  11. Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.2 Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology

  12. Male Reproductive Anatomy

  13. Male Reproductive Anatomy • Scrotum (1) and testes (2) • sperm produced in testes • Seminiferous tubules connect to epididymis • sperm mature in epididymis 20 days • Connects to the Vas or ductus deferens • Winds around up into pelvic canal and exits urethra • Testes are temp sensitive! • 93.2 degrees F • Optimal for sperm motility • Cremaster and dartos muscles control temp.

  14. Male Reproductive Anatomy • penis • delivers sperm to female • contains erectile tissue • Shaft • contains erectile tissue • 2 corpora cavernosalaterally • 1 corpus sponginosum centrally, urethra runs through it • Glans Penis • enlarged end of penis where urethra exits (external urethral orifice) • Prepuce • encloses glans, “foreskin” • Circumcision is the removal of the prepuce • Medical benefits?

  15. Passage of sperm • ducts of the male reproductive system transport sperm from testes to external urethral orifice • Seminiferous tubules • Epididymis • ductus deferens (scrotum to pelvic cavity) • Lateral border of bladder • Widens to form ampulla • Meets with seminal gland • ejaculatory duct • Enters prostate • Joins urethra

  16. Accessory glands and semen • Semen- fluid that contains sperm, nutrients • 10% is sperm • Volume from accessory glands • seminal glands • 2 glands that produce 70% of seminal volume (sugar, nutrients for sperm, pH buffers to aid in motility and protection from acidic female tissue, bacterial inhibitor) • prostate gland • Surrounds urethra and secretes fluid for sperm activation milky, basic fluid • bulbourethral glands • Lie below prostate, add mucous as precursor to ejaculation to neutralize acidity from residual urine • Total fluid volume 2-5 ml and 20-150 million sperm cells

  17. Male Reproductive Physiology- sperm formation • Spermatogenesis • Occurs in seminiferous tubules • Has a single flagella • Matures 20 days in epididymus • From spermatocyte to released sperm- 9-10 weeks • begins at puberty • sexual response • Erection- engorgement of blood ( Nitric oxide relaxes arterioles of penis allowing it to fill with blood) • Ejaculation- discharge of semen from the ejaculatory duct- peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle and urethral sphincter ( prevents urine contamination

  18. Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.3 Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology

  19. Female Reproductive System Anatomy

  20. Female Reproductive System Anatomy • the ovaries- female gonads • (2), 3 cm long, 1.5 cm wide against the posterior pelvic cavity wall. • Follicles, not ducts • oocyte • egg cells in different stages (mostly primordial) • ovulation • release of mature egg from the ovary monthly

  21. Female Reproductive System Anatomy • ducts of the female reproductive system • Open ended, separate from urinary tract • uterine tubes • connect ovary to uterus • Not fully connected at ovarian end (ectopic- medical emergency) • Ciliated fimbriae • uterus–womb- muscular • Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium (functional/basal) • Cervix- passageway to vagina

  22. Female Reproductive System Anatomy • vagina • birth canal • Sperm delivered • Acidic for bacteriocide • external genitalia (vulva) • Mons pubis (fat/hair) • labia–majora and minora • Vestibule • Urethra and vaginal openings • Clitoris • Embryonic precursor to penis, covered by prepuce, exposed glans, nerves

  23. Mammary Glands • lactation initiated by Prolactin after childbirth • Gland maturation stimulated by estrogen • Modified sweat glands over P. major • Lactiferous ducts open to skin • Darkened area called areola

  24. Oogenesis • oocyte production process • begins before birth • primary oocyte with a single layer of cells Miosis starts, but stops at 1st division 1-2 million primordial follicles at birth ¼-1/2 million survive to puberty • secondary oocyte stimulated monthly by FSH after puberty • Only goes through part of second division prior to ovulation • COMPLETES division after fertilization • polar bodies form from other cells (3)

  25. The Female Sexual Cycle • also known as the menstrual cycle (21-40 days) • ovarian cycle • maturation and release of oocyte • Follicular phase 1-14 • Ovulation • Luteal phase 15-end • the uterine cycle • uterus readies for implantation

  26. The Ovarian Cycle • the follicular phase • dominant primary follicle only 1 granulosa marks 2nd stage • Develops zona pellucida- late stage • Fills with fluid (vesicular follicle)- estrogen production increases • pituitary gland releases FSH and LH • ovulation from LH surge • 2ndary oocyte and corona radiata • the luteal phase • corpus luteum – progesterone secreter dissolves after 10 days if no zygote- causes P and E drop, scar tissue ( corpus albicans)

  27. The Uterine Cycle • the menstrual phase 4-5 days • endometrium breaks down and sheds • the proliferative phase • endometrium grows back with aid of estrogen • the secretory phase • endometrium prepares to nourish embryo • If P drops, signals cycle to start over

  28. Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.4 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth

  29. Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth • fertilization of the oocyte must occur within 24 hours of ovulation • pregnancy • childbirth • lactation

  30. Fertilization of the Oocyte • the journey of the sperm • Flagella wiggling • vagina, uterus, uterine tube ( distal 1/3) • capacitation takes up to 10 hours • A few thousand reach the right place • 10 to 15 cm total distance in 5 to 10 min, but 10 hours to complete fertilization • sperm penetration- capacitation • zona pellucida- worn away by hundreds of sperm acrosomal enzymes • acrosomal enzymes wear away protective coat (10 hours)

  31. Fertilization of the Oocyte • protection against polyspermy • only one sperm is required for fertilization • more than one sperm causes death of oocyte • chemistry of the zona pellucida changes after sperm entry to block remaining sperm • completion of meiosis and fertilization • sperm entry causes completion of meiosis ( and final polar body) Nejron Photo/Shutterstock.com

  32. From Fertilization to Implantation • cell stages • Zygote-0-3 days down uterine tube • No size change, but multiple divisions • Morula- 16 cells, day 3 • Blastocyst- fluid filled cavity forms, then zona sheds • Day 4-7 • implantation • blastocyst binds to endometrium and burrows into wall (about day 12) • Called trophoblast • Releases hCG and prevents endometrial shed • Week 12 – placenta takes this over

  33. From Fertilization to Implantation

  34. Pregnancy • lasts approximately 265 days • from fertilization to implantation • Measured from first day of last menstrual cycle • Measured as 280 days or 40 weeks • development of the placenta, embryo, and fetus

  35. Development of Placenta, Embryo, and Fetus • embryo • after implantation to 8 weeks • Nutrients from endometrium • placenta • organ that supplies nutrients to embryo and fetus ( >8 weeks) • fetus • after 8 weeks of development

  36. Cardiovascular system develops first- 3.5 weeks after fertilization • Separate from mothers blood • Rh factor • Alcohol/drugs • Heart begins to beat at ¼ inch in size • Placenta takes care of O2 and CO2 transfer • Fetus fills uterine cavity by week 13 • Amniotic fluid • Amnion, chorion, capsularis (umbilicus)

  37. Childbirth • parturition • Birth 38-42 weeks • Oxytocin sensitivity from estrogen/progesterone • Initiates labor- cervical pressure from head • Positive feedback • stages of labor • vertex presentation ( head down) better than breech • Dilation- 6-12 hours: cervix widens and thins ( effacement) 10 cm • Twisting motion of baby • Expulsion- dilation to delivery (<1 hour) • Contractions every 2-3 minutes until completion and umbilicus cut • delivery of placenta

  38. Lactation • production of breast milk • activation of milk-producing cells • prolactin • delivery of milk through ducts to the nipple • Oxytocin • Let down reflex- suction

  39. Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.5 Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive System

  40. Infertility- inability to conceive After 1 year of attempting • male infertility • low sperm count • erectile dysfunction- impotence • Drugs/alcohol/steroids • female infertility • failure to ovulate (lack of FSH or LH) +/.- amenorrhea • inability of egg to reach uterine tube • lack of implantation • Endometriosis or fibroids

  41. Infertility • treatment for infertility • lifestyle changes • drugs to induce ovulation • surgery to correct anatomical issues • in vitro fertilization • oocyte and sperm combined outside mother’s body • High incidence of multiples

  42. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • viral • HIV and AIDS • genital herpes • human papillomavirus • bacterial • gonorrhea • chlamydia • pelvic inflammatory disease

  43. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • detection and prevention • symptoms • genital discharge, sores, rash, burning during urination, and growths • prevention • condom, abstinence

  44. Cancers of the Reproductive System • prostate cancer • PSA test • cancers of the female reproductive tract • uterine cancer • ovarian cancer • cervical cancer • breast cancer

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