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Reproduction and attracting mates: Flowers (including zygomorphy , pollination, flowering time)

Reproduction and attracting mates: Flowers (including zygomorphy , pollination, flowering time). Questions. Discussions: Maria M: posting paper and questions for this week Jon: will be picking a paper to post for next week

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Reproduction and attracting mates: Flowers (including zygomorphy , pollination, flowering time)

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  1. Reproduction and attracting mates: Flowers (including zygomorphy, pollination, flowering time)

  2. Questions • Discussions: • Maria M: posting paper and questions for this week • Jon: will be picking a paper to post for next week • Peter Stevens is taking students around Orchid house at gardens at 10 am probably on Saturday. Let him or me know if you are interested. • Any questions?

  3. What’s a flower? What’s it for?

  4. Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

  5. Flower evolution • 130-250 mya • Modified leaves (why?)

  6. What’s a flower? What’s it for? • Reproductive structure of angiosperms: • Heterosporangiate typically consisting of androecium, gynoecium, usually surrounded by a perianth and borne on an axis or receptacle

  7. Flower morphology • Pedicel • Flower parts in whorls: (4,5’s or 3’s) • Calyx (sepals), Corolla (petals), Androecium (stamens with anther, filament), Gynoecium (pistils with stigma, style, ovary)

  8. Symmetry • Actinomorphic (radially symmetric) vs zygomorphic (1 bisecting line of symmetry) • Asymmetric: uncommon (Cannanceae, Marantaceae)

  9. Flower vs. Inflorescence Cercidiphyllum

  10. Breeding systems: outcrossing and inbreeding • Spatial: • Flower: perfect (both sexes) vs. imperfect (1 sex) • Plant: monoecious (1 sex) vs. dioecious (both sexes) • Heterostyly

  11. Breeding systems: outcrossing and inbreeding • Temporal: Dichogamy • Protandry: stamens before carpels • Protogyny: carpels before stamens

  12. Pollination syndromes • Animal: Insects, birds, bats • Rewards: Nectar, pollen, fragrance, oils • Attract pollinators: Scent, color patterning, mimicry (Orchidceae) • Abiotic: Wind and water • Self pollinated, Cleistogamous

  13. Evolution of oil production and collection • Renner and Schaefer. 2010. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 365:423-435. • Bees collect oil for larvae and pollinate flowers • Question: When and how often oil-offering flowers and oil-foraging bees evolved?

  14. Oil and bees • Renner and Schaefer. 2010. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 365:423-435. • Question: When and how often oil-offering flowers and oil-foraging bees evolved? • Oil flowers evolved at least 28 times and lost 36-40 times. Oldest just after the K/T boundary65 mya in America (Melpighiaceae) and Africa (Curcurbitaceae, and Laurasia (Myrsinaceae) taxa • Bees evolved oil foraging at least 7 times with earliest at least 53-56 Mya (but probably older)

  15. Phylogenies

  16. Build ups

  17. Evolution of floral morphology

  18. Evolution of floral morphology

  19. Question • Is flower symmetry associated with changes in speciation rates mediated via pollinators?

  20. Question • Is flower symmetry associated with changes in speciation rates mediated via pollinators? • Suggest bilaterally symmetrical flowers can restrict pollinator access to flowers, direct pollen placement, and lead to greater reproductive isolation • Predict that bilaterally symmetrical flowers have higher speciation rates than radially symmetrical flowers

  21. Question • Is flower symmetry associated with changes in speciation rates mediated via pollinators? • Corolla symmetry data for animal pollinated families from the literature • Sister-group comparisons (40 zygomorphic clades and 19 comparisons) • Building an angiosperm tree and mapping on zygomorphy • Looking for the actinomorphic sister • Getting number of species in family from literature

  22. Evolution of floral morphology Zygo-Actino species * = Actino † = Zygo

  23. Question • Is flower symmetry associated with changes in speciation rates mediated via pollinators? • In 15/19 comparisons zygomorphic clade was more diverse than actinomorphic clade

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