LEARNING

1. LEARNING

2. Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

3. Conditioning A type of learning that involves stimulus response connections in which the response is conditional on the stimulus

4. DiscPsy p. 166 DiscPsy p. 166

9. DiscPsy Figure 5.1 p. 167DiscPsy Figure 5.1 p. 167

11. John B. Watson Believed that Psychology should be redefined as �the scientific study of behavior� Founded Behaviorism in 1913 Behaviorism was the dominant school of Psychology for more than 50 years

12. DiscPsy Fig5.2a p170DiscPsy Fig5.2a p170

14. 14 Extinction When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction. OBJECTIVE 4| Summarize the processes of extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.OBJECTIVE 4| Summarize the processes of extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.

15. 15 Stimulus Generalization Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS is called generalization. Pavlov conditioned the dog�s salivation (CR) by using miniature vibrators (CS) on the thigh. When he subsequently stimulated other parts of the dog�s body, salivation dropped.

16. 16 Stimulus Discrimination Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. OBJECTIVE 5| Discuss the survival value of extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization and discrimination.OBJECTIVE 5| Discuss the survival value of extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization and discrimination.

17. Practice Problems for CC When you were still together, you and your ex used to love the same hit song. Now when you hear that song, you feel sad.

18. Practice Problems for CC (2) A fourth grade teacher who was very strict and scary used to wear a strong, rose-scented perfume. The smell of roses now makes you very nervous.

19. Practice Problems for CC (3) One night you bought a meal deal at McDonald�s, you arrived home to find a burger, fries, colas, and three roaches in the bag. Now, even the sight of the McDonald�s logo makes you sick to your stomach.

21. Operant Conditioning learning process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by manipulating its consequences Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors. Operants are actions upon the environment, which may lead to reinforcement or punishment

22. Founder of Operant Conditioning Invented �Skinner Box� Won �Sexiest Man Alive� award in 1939

25. Reinforcement anything that strengthens a response or increases ( ) the chance that it will occur almost anything can act as a reinforcer � food, money, sex, vacation, etc. Remember: Reinforcement INCREASES ( ) behavior

27. Positive Reinforcement Positive consequence that increases the chance of desired behavior because something is added (+) or presented. Can be thought of as a reward Represented by: + positive (+), reinforcement ( )

28. Negative Reinforcement

29. Negative Reinforcement Works to increase behavior but does this by removing an unwanted stimulus Think of negative sign (-), REMOVING unwanted stimulus EX: Beeping noise from car � buckle seatbelt � noise goes away � noise is the negative reinforcement

31. Shaping - gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing responses that are similar or close to the final desired behavior

33. Punishment anything that weakens a response or decreases the chance that it will occur ( )

34. Positive Punishment (+ ) decreases behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus Remember, think positive as in plus sign (+), adding something EX: spanking, a prison sentence, or criticizing someone

35. Operant conditioning. Having received a face full of quills, a young coyote has probably learned to avoid porcupines

36. Negative Punishment decreases behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus ( - )

37. Negative Reinforcement v. Punishment Many people confuse negative reinforcement and punishment. Negative Reinforcement always increases behavior Punishment always decreases behavior.

38. Negative Reinforcement v. Punishment Example

40. Practice Problems for OC Clare studies hard and gets an A on her Biology test. The teacher praises her in front of the class. As a result, Clare stops studying earns a failing grade on the next two exams.

41. Practice Problems for OC (2) Mike was more likely to return his rental DVD�s on time after the video store raised their late charges.

42. Practice Problems for OC (3) Jane came home late and her parents took away her car privileges for a week. In the future, Jane made sure to come home on time.

43. Practice Problems for OC (4) Jose did not like to do his homework. One day his mom told Jose that he could play video games for an hour after his homework was done. Jose completed his homework more often as a result.

44. Practice Problems for OC (5) Dr. Venkman claims he is studying �the affect of negative reinforcement on ESP ability� by applying electric shocks to subjects that do not identify the correct Zener card. Is this actually �negative reinforcement�? Why or why not?

45. Practice Problems for OC (5) Dr. Venkman claims he is studying �the affect of negative reinforcement on ESP ability� by applying electric shocks to subjects that do not identify the correct Zener card. Is this actually �negative reinforcement�? Why or why not?

47. Observational Learning Includes learning by imitation and learning by observing behaviors of others

48. Parents, movie stars, political figures all act as models A large part of our behaviors are influenced by observational learning

49. Bobo Doll Experiment

50. 4 Cognitive Processes that determine whether imitation will occur: Paying attention to the other person�s behavior Forming and storing mental representations of the behavior to be imitated Transforming this mental representation into actions you are capable of reproducing And, being motivated to imitate the behavior by some expectation of reinforcement or reward

51. DiscPsy p.195 DiscPsy p.195

52. Motivation Intrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. Extrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments.

53. Immediate Reinforcer: A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior. A rat gets a food pellet for a bar press. Delayed Reinforcer: A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior. A paycheck that comes at the end of a week. Immediate & Delayed Reinforcers

54. Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs. Partial Reinforcement: Reinforces a response only part of the time. Though this results in slower acquisition in the beginning, it shows greater resistance to extinction later on. OBJECTIVE 14| Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of continuous and partial reinforcement schedules, and identify four schedules of partial reinforcements.OBJECTIVE 14| Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of continuous and partial reinforcement schedules, and identify four schedules of partial reinforcements.

55. Ratio Schedules Fixed-ratio schedule: Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. e.g., piecework pay. Variable-ratio schedule: Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. This is hard to extinguish because of the unpredictability. (e.g., behaviors like gambling, fishing.)

56. Interval Schedules Fixed-interval schedule: Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. (e.g., preparing for an exam only when the exam draws close.) Variable-interval schedule: Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, which produces slow, steady responses. (e.g., pop quiz.)

57. Test essay prompts Option 1: You need to be familiar with the following terms, extinction, positive reinforcement, shaping, negative reinforcement, and punishment. You will have to provide examples from a particular scenario for each of those terms.

58. Option 2: You will need to identify a person�s stages of development and reason they are in that stage for the following people. (Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikison, and Frued)