POLITICAL Transformations

1. POLITICAL Transformations

2. Unit 4 - Global Interactions (The Early Modern Period of World History) c. 1450-1750 Chapters 22 - 27 Key Concepts: 4.1 – Globalizing networks of communication and exchange 4.2 – New forms of social organization and modes of production 4.3 – State consolidation and imperial expansion

3. TOPIC: The transformation of Europe The Americas and Oceania – first global connections The Russian Empire – Steppes and Siberia Early Modern East Asia Islamic Empires in the Early Modern Era The beginnings of exploration and global connections

4. K E Y C O N C E P T 4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange

5. K E Y C O N C E P T 4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production

6. 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion K E Y C O N C E P T

7. A Quick Review to connect Units 3 and 4: The transition from late postclassical to early modern times…

8. The Increasing influence of Europe in the late postclassical centuries • Main points and topics: • The declining Byzantine Empire • Recovery in Western Europe: economic and social growth • The rise of Western European states • The Christian Church in the high middle ages – need for reform • Crusades, Hundred Years War, breakdown of feudalism • Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction • Main points and topics: • Increasing long-distance trade and travel • Black Death in Eurasia and North Africa • European Renaissance and the beginnings of exploration • Ming revival in China and the voyages of Zheng He

9. The Transformation of Europe • Main points and topics: • Renaissance • Protestant Reformation and Catholic Reformation • Absolute Monarchies • Scientific Revolution • Early capitalism - mercantilism • Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections • Main points and topics: • Exploration and the development of trading-post empires • Commercial revolution, commercial rivalries, the Seven Years War • The Columbian Exchange • Foundations of the Russian empire

10. Developments, Events, and Processes of the Early Modern Period • Renaissance • Reformation and split in the Western Church • Scientific Revolution in the West • Exploration, expansion of trade, Columbian exchange and Atlantic System • Absolutism and the expansion of both land and maritime empires (Ming, Qing, Ottoman, Mughal, Russia, numerous European empires, West-African gunpowder empires…) • Colonization and the Development of the Atlantic System • Commercial revolution, mercantilism, and continued development of capitalism • Enlightenment in Europe • Growth of global population (even though indigenous American populations were devastated by Old World diseases.)

11. Time-frame: The Transition to Modern Times 1300’s and 1400’s - Europe begins to progress and recover from problems of the medieval period;trade and commerce increase globally;European contacts with Asia and Africa increase; Ming dynasty restores Confucian rule after the Mongol Yuan dynasty 1400’s and 1500’s – European Renaissance and first maritime voyages of exploration;China begins restricting foreign trade and contact (after voyages of Zheng He); Ottoman empire expands 1500’s and 1600’s – Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution and Age of Exploration in Europe; European Colonization begins; Japan restricts foreign trade and contact; Qing dynasty begins in China 1600’s & Early 1700’s – The Commercial Revolution; The European Enlightenment; Ottoman empire in decline; Height of Atlantic Slave Trade;development of Latin America

12. The Renaissance

13. Characteristics of the Renaissance • The Renaissance first began in the city-states of Northern Italy in the 1300’s. Florence, Rome, and Venice became important trade centers and developed a wealthy merchant class. • Members of the wealthy merchant class often fostered and sponsored the arts. • Secular themes increased in intellectual thought and artistic expression. • Scholars focused on studying classic literature. • Individualism developed as people began to celebrate individual achievements; portraits and biographies became more popular. • More emphasis was placed on enjoying and studying life on Earth rather than dedicating life on Earth to God. • New artistic techniques made subjects more lifelike. • Classical styles in art and architecture were revived.

14. Renaissance means “rebirth,” and refers to the revival of Greek and Roman styles of art, architecture, thought, and philosophy. • The Renaissance spread to northern Europe in the late 1400’s via Italian merchants and traders. • The Northern Renaissance began later in part because of the plague; recovery in northern Europe was more prolonged than in southern Europe. • The Northern Renaissance often focused on religious reform; the Protestant Reformation began in northern Europe in the 1500’s.

15. The Northern Renaissance • Began in Flanders in the mid 15th century. • Artists began using oil based paints to create strong colors. • Flemish painters often depicted scenes from daily life; northern Renaissance art often reflects medieval life more than the classical themes of Italian Renaissance art. • The printing press was developed by German Johann Gutenberg in the mid 15th century; this helped Renaissance ideas spread more quickly – especially ideas having to do with reforming the Catholic Church. • Christian Humanism developed in northern Europe – an intellectual current based on religious reform. • The English Renaissance began after the War of the Roses. Renaissance literature in England often focused on social reform, for example Thomas More’s Utopia. • The English Renaissance is best known for the plays produced by William Shakespeare.

16. Italian Renaissance Art Botticelli’s Birth of Venus Bacchus and Ariadne, by the artist Titian. The painting is about Bacchus (the god of wine) meeting a young woman called Ariadne, the daughter of King Minos of Crete. They fall in love at first sight and eventually get married. The Cathedral of Florence

17. Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Mona Lisa The Last Supper

18. The Last Judgment

19. The School of Athens

20. Crash Course #22 – The Renaissance • What are the “humanities?” (a.k.a. the liberal arts) • According to John Green, why were the Italian city-states so wealthy, prompting the Renaissance to begin there first? • What was the economic relationship between Venice and the Ottoman empire? • Briefly summarize John Green’s argument the “Renaissance never happened.”

21. Two of the Greatest Works of Italian Renaissance Literature: • The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) • The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)

22. There are three parts to the Divine Comedy: • Inferno (represents despair) • Purgatorio (represents hope) • Paradisio (represents salvation) Dante as the Poet of the Divine Comedy Domenico di Michelino 1465-Cathedral of Florence

23. Of course, Inferno, or Hell, is the most famous and widely read part. Botticelli Painting of Dante’s Inferno

25. Machiavelli(1469-1527) The first modern political scientist "We are much beholden to Machiavel and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do." (Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605), bk. II, xxi, 9.)

26. Dante Machiavelli

27. Questions: Machiavelli and The Prince • Describe Machiavelli’s background and education. 2.What were Machiavelli’s reasons for writing The Prince? 3. What does the adjective machiavellian mean today? 4. What characteristics should a ruler have, according to Machiavelli? 5. What is Machiavelli’s view of human nature? 6.Who does Machiavelli use as his example of an effective and “esteemed” ruler, and why? 7. What is Machiavelli’s opinion on whether it is better for a ruler to be feared or loved, and why? 8. What “cloak” does Machiavelli praise Ferdinand for using?

28. Western Civilization in the Early Modern Period – Chronology 1350-1450 – Italian Renaissance 1450-1600 – Northern Renaissance, age of the explorers 1500-1600 – Commercial Revolution, colonization begins, Columbian Exchange begins 1517 – Protestant Reformation begins 1600’s – Scientific Revolution 1600’s and 1700’s – age of absolute monarchy 1700’s – Enlightenment

29. The Protestant Reformation

30. The Protestant Reformation officially began when Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses in 1517, but people had been criticizing the church and calling for reform since medieval times (recall John Wycliff of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia.) • Background on Martin Luther: -was a German Catholic monk -was most concerned with how to achieve salvation -though he criticized many church practices, his main problem was with the sale of indulgences • Luther was excommunicated in 1521 and had to go into hiding for a year, during which time he translated the Bible into German. • Luther’s beliefs laid the foundations for the first protestant faith – Lutheranism. The three basic ideas behind Lutheranism are: 1. Salvation by faith alone 2. The bible is the only true source of religious authority 3. The priesthood of all believers (rejection of church hierarchy)

31. Selected Statements from the 95 Theses of Martin Luther #5 “The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties beyond those imposed either at his own discretion or by canon law.” #27 “There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of purgatory immediately when money clinks in the bottom of the chest.” #32 “All those who believe themselves certain of their own salvation by means of letters of indulgence, will be eternally damned, together with their teachers.” #33 “We should be most carefully on our guard against those who say that the papal indulgences are an inestimable divine gift, and that man is reconciled to God by them.” #36 “Any Christian whatsoever, who is truly repentant, enjoys plenary remission from penalty and guilt, and this is given him without letters of indulgence.” #43 “Christians should be taught that one who gives to the poor, or lends to the needy, does a better action than if he purchases indulgences.” #86 “Since the Pope’s income today is larger than that of the wealthiest of wealthy men, why does he not build this one church of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with the money of indigent believers?”

32. Effects of Lutheranism: • The Peasants’ Revolt of 1524 • Loss of support for the Catholic Church for both religious and political reasons, especially in northern Europe • Religious wars • The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 • The creation of new protestant sects, such as the Calvinists and Anabaptists • The Catholic Reformation (a.k.a. the Counter Reformation) • Increase in anti-Semitism-- pressures to convert, and restrictions on Jews increased The Church doors in Wittenberg, Germany, on which Luther posted The 95 Theses.

33. The Catholic Reformation • Began in the mid 16th century (1530’s – 1540’s) and was led by Pope Paul III. • The goals of the Catholic Reformation were to re-affirm Catholic doctrine and stop the spread of Protestantism. • The Council of Trent first convened in 1545, and met sporadically for the next 20 years. -took action to end corruption in the Church -opened schools to better educate the clergy • The Inquisition was strengthened. • The Index of Forbidden Books was established. • New religious orders formed (such as the Jesuits.) • Both the Protestant and Catholic Reformations led to widespread persecution and violence. Another by-product was the increase in executions of “witches.” Pope Paul III

34. England also broke away from the Catholic Church in the 1500’s…but not for religious reasons… The Wives of Henry VIII Henry VIII

35. The Children of Henry VIII – the Tudor Monarchs Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I

36. The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution of the 17th and early 18th century was made possible by the ideas and methods of observation and research developed during the late medieval and Renaissance periods. • The Scientific method was developed • A heliocentric (Copernican) view of the universe was (slowly) accepted • Alchemists made discoveries in chemistry - Newton himself was into alchemy!! • Newton developed important principles of physics and calculus • Advancements in medicine and a greater understanding of the human body was achieved “If I have seen further it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” -Isaac Newton 1642-1727

37. The Ptolemaic view of the universe, which was challenged by Copernicus

38. Galileo: Astronomer, physicist, Mathematician “The laws of Nature are written in the language of mathematics ... the symbols are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without whose help it is impossible to comprehend a single word.” “I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect intended us to forgo their use.”

39. The European Political Climate in the Early Modern Era: Absolute Monarchies and State Rivalries and Conflicts • The Protestant Reformation led to tensions and in some cases war between Catholic and Protestant communities. • Religious wars in France in the late 1500’s – eventually French Huguenots were expelled in the 1600’s. • The Dutch revolt against Spanish rule had a religious component. • Struggles between Protestants and Catholics in England – this was a factor in the English Civil War in the mid 1600s. • The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was one of the longest and most destructive wars in European history. It began when the Holy Roman Emperor tried to force subjects in Bohemia to return to Catholicism. Most of Europe was dragged into the war, though mainly for political and economic motivations.

40. Thirty Years War

41. Absolute Monarchies in Europe • Absolute monarchies emerged as rulers consolidated power by building standing armies, strengthening navies, creating bureaucracies and limiting the power of the old land-holding aristocracies. And they often used religion to legitimize and bolster their power as well (the “divine right” of kings.) • The Hapsburgs were a royal family that came to control much of Catholic Europe including the Holy Roman Empire. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V controlled Spain, Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Bohemia, and parts of German and Italian territory. Plus all Spanish colonial holdings. • The son of Charles V was King Philip II of Spain – he led Spain through a golden age; supported Catholic causes throughout Europe; sent Spanish Armada to punish Protestant England in 1588 Charles V Philip II

42. Henry VIII of England – although Parliament had some power in England (a tradition that started with the Magna Carta in the late medieval period), Henry VIII centralized the government and separated from the Catholic Church so he could be the supreme power and authority in England. Henry’s daughter Elizabeth I was also a strong monarch, but after her death the monarchy passed to the unpopular Stuart family, and struggles between the monarchy and Parliament would lead to civil war in England in the mid 1600’s. • Louis XIV of France was the most powerful of the absolute monarchs of the early modern era, and he set the styles and standards for absolutism in Europe. He built Versailles, patronized the arts, and strengthened the French army. He reduced the power of the French nobility and completely controlled them. He also involved France in many religious and political wars. • Peter I of Russia (1682 – 1725) modernized and strengthened Russia, expanded borders, and reduced the power of the boyars through harsh absolutist policies.

43. Document Analysis Group Activity: Early Modern Europe • Doc 1: Excerpt from Machiavelli’s The Prince • According to Machiavelli, what characteristics should a ruler possess? • What ruler does Machiavelli praise and use as a model in the excerpt? Why? • HIPPO the document • Summarize Galileo’s main argument in the letter. • Create a change over time SPICE chart. Use the documents to analyze changes regarding social, political, human interaction with the environment, cultural, economic changes in early modern Europe. • Now think about continuities. Using the docs and your knowledge of world history, what are the SPICE continuities in early modern Europe? (A bulleted list will suffice for continuities.)

44. DBQ Thesis Practice: • Your DBQ thesis must do two things to get the points from the AP graders: • Respond to all parts of the question by making a historically defensible claim that directly answers the prompt • Present a cohesive argument that shows relationships among the documents (the evidence) such as contradiction, corroboration, and/or qualification. • The Prompt: • Using the documents and your knowledge of world history, analyze the social and cultural changes and continuities in early modern Europe.

45. Exploration and the First Global Era

46. A Taste of Adventure Article Questions • For thousands of years, what was the “secret of the spice trade”? • Around the year 40 C.E., what actions did the Romans take to end the Arab monopoly of the spice market? • According to the article, why did the price of spices in Europe dramatically increase in the early centuries of the postclassical period? • Why did many Europeans feel disdain for the Venetians (people of Venice)? • What was the “fabled gateway to the spice islands,” one of the most important ports for spice trade? Who controlled this “gateway” at differing time periods? • How did Vasco da Gama’s voyage affect the price of pepper in Portugal? • Before the Dutch formed the VOC in 1602, what two European countries were the leading rivals in the spice trade? • What was the VOC, what spices were they primarily interested in, and how does the article describe the VOC? • What was the “Muslim Curtain?” • What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

47. Crash Course #21 – 15th Century Mariners • What were the motives for, and what characterized the voyages of Zheng He? • 2. Why did the voyages of Zheng He end? • 3. Why was Portugal the pioneer of European exploration? • How were the Portuguese able to capture ports in the Indian Ocean region? • According to John Green, why does history remember Columbus more than Zheng He or Vasco da Gama?