Bell/Payday!

1. Bell/Payday! • List all of the Functions of the • Skeletal System

2. Skeletal System Explain the structure of the bones. Analyze the function of the skeletal system Discuss characteristics and treatment of common skeletal disorders.

3. 206 bones in the body • "OSTEO" because that is the Greek word for bone • "endo-" means within or into • peri-" means around

4. Video segment • Functions of the Skeletal System • (United streaming)

5. FUNCTIONS • Supports body and provides shape. • Protects internal organs. • Movement and anchorage of muscles. • Mineral storage. (Calcium and phorphorus) • Hemopoiesis

6. 1) OSTEOCYTE – mature bone cell. * . . . live inside the bone and have long branches which allow them to contact each other as well as the lining cells on the bone surface. * . . . are in a perfect position to sense any mechanical strain on the bone. * . . . can secrete growth factors which activate the lining cells or stimulate the osteoblasts. * Their exact role is still under investigation, but probably the osteocytes direct bone remodeling to accomodate mechanical strain and repair fatigue damage. 2) osteoblasts Bone-forming cells are cuboidal and columnar in shape with a central nucleus found on the bone surface. . *They come from bone marrow precursor cells. *The job of osteoblasts is to make the proteins that will form the organic matrix of bone and to control mineralization of the bone *They have receptors for hormones such as vitamin D, estrogen, and parathyroid hormone. *They secrete factors that activate osteoclasts 3) osteoclasts  Cells that remove material to form the central cavity in a long bone

7. BONE FORMATION • Week 8:  Every organ is in place, bones begin to replace cartilage, and fingerprints begin to form.  By the 8th week the baby can begin to hear. • Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts • (primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage. • At 8 weeks, OSSIFICATION begins. (Mineral matter begins to replace cartilage) • Infant bones soft because • ossification not complete at birth. • FONTANEL - Soft spot on baby’s head

8. STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE • DIAPHYSIS – shaft • EPIPHYSES – ends • MEDULLARY CAVITY – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fat cells, also cells that form white blood cells. • ENDOSTEUM – lines marrow cavity • Shaft is made of COMPACT BONE – • ends are SPONGY BONE- cells form a network with spaces between area of bone. Light/strong.Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made. • PERIOSTEUM – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. Ability to multiply, grow and repair.

9. ossification The process by which embryonic cartilage is replaced with bone.

10. Hemopoiesis 1. White blood cells made in yellow marrow 2. Red blood cells made in red marrow

11. Bell • Complete “Know your Bones”

12. Articular Cartilage1. Thin layer covers the epiphysis2. Acts as a shock absorber when two bones meet to form a joint

13. Grow a Bone • Listen for instructions • When the bone is complete label…. • Red Marrow Cavity • Epiphysis • Yellow Marrow • Periostium • Diaphysis • Articular Cartilage

14. Long Bone Follow-up • You can pick up your graded work in the back! • Label D-Completed as homework, place on desk so that I can see your completed work! • Complete Know your Bones

15. Bellringer • Write down to the four categories of bone by shape/type • List at least 2 examples under each category • Read pg 86 & see page 96

16. Bone Types • Bones are classified as – • long bones, • - short bones, • - flat bones, • - irregular bones

17. Adult : Anterior View

18. Adult: Posterior View

19. Lateral View

20. AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON • AXIAL – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid • APPENDICULAR – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs

21. Skull • 2 nasal-sm bones bridge/nose • 1 vomer-nose,lower septum • 2 inferior concha- • sidewall/nose • 2 maxilla-form upper jaw • 2 lacrimal-inner aspects of eye (tear ducts) • 2 zygomatic- cheek bones 2 palatine-roof of mouth 1 mandible-jaw/moves • 1 frontal-forehead • 2 parietal-sides • 2 temporal-tempels • 1 occipital-above neck • 1 ethmoid-between eyes/nasal septum • 1 sphenoid-key bone of skull/ all bones are connected

22. Spine – Vertebral ColumnEncloses the spinal cord • Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage = intervertebral discs • Cervical vertebrae (7) • Atlas-#1 YES • Axis #2 NO • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Lumbar vertebrae (5) • Sacrum • Coccyx

23. Vertebral column 1. Encloses spinal cord • Separated by pads of cartilage • = intervertebral discs

24. Ribs and Sternum • Sternum divided into 3 parts – • (1) Manubrium-upper portion • (2) Body-center • (3)tip is XIPHOID PROCESS • Attached to the vertebra on the dorsal side of the body • 12 pairs of Ribs – first 7 are true ribs – connected to sternum by cartilage • next 3 are false ribs – cartilage connects them to 7th rib (not sternum) • next 2 are floating • Did you know ? • Both sexes have an equal number of ribs, 24 to be exact.

25. Bell • Let’s get ready for that terminology test! • Complete the worksheet “Applying Medical Terminology” • Be ready to take the final quiz…prefixes!

26. Bell ringer/payday… • list the 3 divisions of the vertebral column • list the 3 divisions of the sternum • list the 3 divisions of the of the ribs • 4) Describe the difference in the AXIAL and the APPENDICULAR skeletal system.

27. Small groupsDraw and label (fill the paper from edge to edge) • Cranium/skull • Face • Top 1/3 vertebra • Middle 1/3 vertebra • Bottom 1/3 vertebra • Sacrum and Coccyx • Top 1/3 ribs • Middle 1/3 ribs • Bottom ribs • sternum

28. Appendicular SkeletonBLUE

29. Upper extremity/Appendicular • clavicle – (2) curved collar bone • scapula – (2) triangular shaped shoulder blade • Permit attachment of muscles that help arms move • humerus – upper arm • 2nd largest bone in the body • Radius- lower arm, thumb side • Ulna – lower arm (larger) • Olecranan-projection/elbow. Nerve, funny bone.

30. Left lower arm/Appendicular • Total of 27 bones ea hand • carpals –(8) wrist bones – held together by ligaments • metacarpals –(5) hand bones • phalanges –(14) fingers • Thumb most flexible,end of metacarpal is rounded and muscles attached from the hand. Can extend across palm

31. Bell • Look over your foldable…Medical terms. You need to know about pronunciation, how a prefix/suffix can change the meaning!

32. Lower Extremity/Appendicular • pelvis – 3 bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) next slide • femur – upper leg, longest and strongest bone in body • Tibia- longest supporting bone of the lower leg fibula – lower leg • patella – kneecap Appears 2-3 yrs female 6 yrs male. Ossifies puberty.4 bursae cushion knee joint

33. Anerior view pelvis • – 3 bones • ilium • ischium • pubis

34. Ankle and Foot/Appendicular • tarsal bones – ankle • calcaneus – heel bone • metatarsals – foot bones • Phalanges-14bones Distal, Middle, Proximal

35. Complete • Broken Bones …goes with back page “know your bones”

36. Bell • Text pages 116-117 answer only 2,3,5,6,10,11, 12,13,14, 15, 15, 17, 18,and 19

37. Draw and label… • Stick with the R side of the body…. • Shoulder girdle • Humerus • Radius/Ulna • Hand • Pelvic girdle • Femur • Tibia/Fibula • Foot

38. Let’s Build a Skeleton • Draw( to the edges of your paper) and Label/Remember anatomical position…color! • 1) Skull • 2) Shoulder and arm (L) • 3) Wrist and hand (L) • 4) Ribs Left side only • 5) Pelvic girdle and femur (L) • 6) Tibia/Fibula (L) • 7) Vertebra • 8) Ankle/foot (L) • 9) Ball/Socket pg 104 • 10) Hinge pg 104 • 11) Pivot pg 104 • 12 Gliding pg 104

39. Bell • Complete worksheet, Critical thinking

40. FUNCTIONS • Supports body and provides shape. • Protects internal organs. • Movement and anchorage of muscles. • Mineral storage. (Calcium and phosphorus) • Hemopoiesis

41. Movement and anchorage of muscles. • Movement and anchorage • 1. Abduction and adduction • 2. Circumduction and rotation • 3. Flexion and extension • 4. Pronation and supination

42. JOINTS • Joints are points of contact between 2 bones – classified according to movement: • SYNOVIAL FLUID – lubricating substance in joints • BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – bone with ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips. • HINGE JOINTS – move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers. • PIVOT JOINT – those with an extension rotate on a 2nd, arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis. • GLIDING JOINTS – flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine. • SUTURE – immovable joint. Skull.

43. Do this at home and bring in • on_________ • Build and label the components of a joint. Label the bone above and below. • Tell the type of joint • Not to be made with paper, or ready made hinge.

44. 3 Kinds of Joints • Synarthroses-no movement • Ampiarthrosis-slight Movement • Diarthrosis-free movement

45. – classified according to movement:

46. Right Knee Joint: Anterior View

48. Bell • Complete A Matter of Movement • Ok to use notes/text

49. Bell-paydaypick one that you did NOT do yesterday! • Briefly Research a: • Radiologist • Radiologic Technologist • Physical Therapist • Physical Therapy Assistant (LPTA) • Resources: NC Health Careers and text • Education required • Work environment • Salary Range • Educational programs • (2) Certificates • (2) Assoc Degree • (2) Bachelors

50. Disorders of the Bones and Joints • FRACTURE – a break • GREENSTICK – in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separates • Treated by: • CLOSED REDUCTION – cast or splint applied • OPEN REDUCTION – surgical intervention with devices such as wires, metal plates or screws to hold the bones in alignment (internal fixation) • Traction…next slide