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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Foundations of Indian Civilization Section 1. Geography. India is known as a subcontinent b/c it’s a large and physically isolated landmass w/n the continent of Asia. Geography . India can be divided into 3 distinct topographical zones: Himalaya - mountainous northern zone

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Foundations of Indian Civilization Section 1

  2. Geography • India is known as a subcontinent b/c it’s a large and physically isolated landmass w/n the continent of Asia

  3. Geography • India can be divided into 3 distinct topographical zones: • Himalaya - mountainous northern zone • The great basins of the Indus and Ganges Rivers • The peninsula proper

  4. Geography • India has a subtropical climate • The most dramatic source of moisture is the monsoon (season wind) • The temperature difference between the water and the land acts like a bellows, producing a great wind • The monsoon picks up huge amts of moisture from the Indian Ocean and drop it over India

  5. Geography • So, India looks like one giant peninsula with seasonal winds…its likely that its people…. • Learned to ride the monsoon winds across open waters to establish good trade routes

  6. Harrapa Based power on a belief in divine assistance Religion and political powers were closely linked Economy was based on agriculture and trade Traded copper and lumber for Sumerian textiles and food Much of the trade was by ship FIRST CIVILIZATIONS

  7. Aryans Conquered the Harappans Nomadic people that moved across Hindu Kush Mountains into northern India Created a new Indian society Became farmers with discovery of iron Irrigation systems Developed their form of writing – Sanskrit Developed Hinduism (religion) FIRST CIVILIZATIONS

  8. Skin color has been a persistent concern of Indian society and is one of the bases for its historically sharp internal divisions Caste System: Brahman – priest and scholars Kshatriya – warriors and officials Vaishya – merchants, artisans, and landowners Sundra – peasants and laborers “Untouchables” Social Classes

  9. The Untouchables • They were excluded from the class system, and members of the other groups literally avoided them b/c of the demeaning or polluting work to which they were related with ( such as tanning leather which involved touching dead animals ) untouchables

  10. Hinduism Origin from the Aryan people Vedas- collection of hymns and religious ceremonies Believed in the existence of a single force Reincarnation- form of life after death Living beings seek to achieve goals on earth Karma- force generated by a person’s actions that determines their after-life outcome Religion

  11. Buddhism Rivaled Hinduism Siddhartha Gautama- known as the Buddha Principles Pain, poverty and sorrow were illusions Nirvana- achieving wisdom (ultimate reality) Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path (Middle Path) Religion

  12. The Mauryan EmpireSection 2 324-184 BCE

  13. The Mauryan Empire

  14. Lack of politics, prevented the Aryans to continue. Factors that paved the way Persia Greeks and Macedonians (Alexander the Great) The Mauryan Empire

  15. Very centralized government King divided the empire into provinces, which were governed by governors The Mauryan Empire

  16. Reign of Ashoka Considered the Greatest Ruler in India history Converted to Buddism India prospered because of the expansion of trade After his death, India began to decline The Mauryan Empire

  17. Flourished because of passing trade from both the East and West Most of the trade was between the Romans and China The Kushan Kingdom

  18. The major trade route China was silk, spices, and porcelain Roman Empire was wool linens, glass and precious stones India was ivory and textiles Huge caravans of expensive items The Silk Road

  19. After the Kushan Kingdom were invaded by the Persian Samudragupta founded the kingdom Politics- Monarchy Economics- trade Kingdom of the Guptas

  20. Literature Vedas- Aryan tradition, primary religious. Architecture Three main types of structures Pillar Stupa Rock Chamber Indian Culture

  21. The Chinese Section 3 324-184 BCE

  22. Chinese Civilization • Geography • Yellow River • Yangtze River • Yellow Sea • Only about 10% of the land is suitable for farming • Mountains to the North and West create a natural boundary • isolation

  23. Shang Dynasty Farming Society Ruled by an Aristocracy • Upper class • Based wealth on land • Passed on from generation to generation • King ruled over system of territories BUT each was run by a warlords or governor.

  24. Shang Dynasty

  25. Shang Dynasty Social Classes • King and his family • Aided by a number of Aristocratic families • Wage war • Chief land owners • Peasants- largest number of people • Note: small number of artisans and merchants

  26. Shang Dynasty Religion • Life after death • Burn exact replicas to accompany them to life after Art • Bronze casting • Statues • Armor

  27. Zhou Dynasty History Last Shang ruler was very wicked and arrogant This led to a massive revolt of an existing state (Zhou) and establish a new dynasty. • 800 years • Longest lasting dynasty in Chinese history

  28. Zhou Dynasty (Chou)

  29. Zhou Dynasty Political structure • Same basic structure as Shang culture • King was seen as a link between Heaven & Earth Religion • “Mandate of Heaven” • Heaven impersonal law and that King took commands from heaven to govern the dynasty • Responsible for ruling with goodness & efficiency

  30. Zhou Dynasty Religion • “Mandate of Heaven” • “Dao” – Proper way to govern • Keep the Gods pleased • If king fails to be effective, they may be replaced • Each king rules through Mandate of Heaven throughout Chinese history

  31. Zhou Dynasty The Fall… Same pattern rise, decline, and collapse Leaders declined intellectually and morally Nature of warfare changed • Iron weapons • Foot soldiers and on horseback • Crossbow

  32. Zhou Dynasty Economics & Technology • Iron made it possible to harvest more land • Large- scale water projects • Trade of silk

  33. Chinese Culture Philosophies Confucianism • Confucius- known as the first teacher Two elements • Duty- “work ethic” • Humanity- compassion and empathy for others Daoism • Proper forms of behavior • Should be Inactive vs active (spontaneously)

  34. Chinese Culture Philosophies Legalism • Very different than Confucianism and Daoism • Believed that all humans were essentially evil • Strong Ruler and harsh laws • Live in fear

  35. The ChineseRise and fall of EmpiresSection 4

  36. Qin Dynasty

  37. Chinese Empires Qin Dynasty Defeated the Zhou by ignoring authority Politics • Legalism was adopted to the regime • Centralized Government • Bureaucracy Intelligence • Great Wall of China

  38. Great Wall of China

  39. Han Dynasty

  40. Chinese Empires Han Dynasty • Leader replaced Legalism with Confucianism • Chose government officials based on merit vs birth • Civil service exams Technology • Textile manufacturing • Water mills • Rudder for ships • Paper

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